Margherita Guarducci
Encyclopedia
Margherita Guarducci was an Italian archaeologist, classical scholar and epigrapher. She was a major figure in several crucial moments of the 20th century academic community. A student of Federico Halbherr
, she edited his works after his death. She was the first woman to lead archaeological excavations at the Vatican (succeeding Ludwig Kaas
) and completed the excavations on Saint Peter's tomb
, discovering relics she asserted were those of Saint Peter
. She has asserted that the inscription on the Praeneste fibula
is a forgery.
. She is most noted for the publications regarding that work.
She obtained the designation of "docent" for the teaching of Epigraphy and Ancient Greek at the University of Rome "La Sapienza", holding that position until 1973. She continued to teach at the National School of Archeology of Rome, where she was also director, until 1978. During this time she returned to teaching the Greek Epigraphy which consisted of the four volumes of Greek epigraphy and a compendium covering its origins to the later history of the Roman Empire. At the end of her academic career she was appointed Professor Emeritus at the University La Sapienza.
Since 1956 she was affiliated with the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, and appointed as a member of the Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia
in 1969.
Guarducci received two honorary degrees from the Università Cattolica di Milano
and the University of Rennes
. Her works are now published by Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
.
in 1924, she attended the National School of Archeology in Rome from 1927 onwards, then proceeding to Athens. She was one of the first Italian women scholars to practice archaeology in Greece. She was appointed director of the Scuola Alessandro Della Seta and headed up the excavations on the island of Crete, a Grecian territory since 1880.
There she met Federico Halbherr
, a student of archeology from Florence's Domenico Comparetti
. Guarducci began collaborating with Halbherr and became his favorite pupil during the excavations of the Cretan city of Gortyna. Her work there would continue after the death of Halbherr in 1930.
After Halbherr's death, the project fell under the direction of the Cretan Louis Pernier. Guarducci, whose interests lay primarily in epigraphics, took on the task of completing Halbherr's life's work which was to compile a single work of the Greek and Latin inscriptions of Crete after the seventh century BC. She began a long period of reconnaissance throughout the island, verifying the accuracy of the earlier readings of Halbherr, making corrections and adding new information. She continued this work full-time until 1931 when she was appointed the chair of Ancient Greek epigraphy at the Università di Roma "La Sapienza" where she served until 1950. It was here she was to publish the result of twenty years of research entitled the Inscriptiones Creticæ, which was published between 1935 and 1950. That work is considered the definitive collection of epigraphic entries, as well as the major compilation of the archeology and topography of the ancient city of Gortyna in Crete.
The book, divided into four volumes based on geography (Central Crete, Western Crete, Eastern Crete, and Gortyna), and bears the full title of Inscriptiones Creticæ, opera et consilio Friderici Halbherr collectae, Guarducci curavit Margarita, and is written in Latin, as required by the tradition of epigraphic corpora compiled by 'Academy in Berlin in the nineteenth century. Individual volumes bear the following titles (with year of publication):
Each volume is accompanied by an extensive bibliography divided into two sections: archaeology and epigraphs. Introductions explain archaeological, topographical, and antiquarian aspects of the areas treated. Entries include photographs, illustrations of epigraphs, transcripts, and extensive commentary.
The inscription, part of a building used as the Odeon, is engraved on a concave wall about 8 m long and 175 cm high. It is grouped into twelve columns ofbustrofedica writingfrom the Greek boustrophedon). This is a type of writing that gradually alternates from left to right, writing a line backward, then reversing from right to left, for the entire text. It is likely that, on the left side of the wall, there were eight other columns which are now lost. This is not a real "code of laws," but rather, with the Latin, a saturated legum, i.e., a sparse collection of laws, updates of previous ancient laws and new laws focused on a specific topic. In the case of the Gortyn Code, the laws shown are mostly family law, as well as regarding economics and commerce.
Federico Halbherr
Federico Halbherr was an Italian archaeologist and epigrapher, known for his excavations of Crete.-Life:...
, she edited his works after his death. She was the first woman to lead archaeological excavations at the Vatican (succeeding Ludwig Kaas
Ludwig Kaas
Ludwig Kaas was a German Roman Catholic priest and politician during the Weimar Republic.-Early career:Born in Trier, Kaas was ordained a priest in 1906 and studied history and Canon law in Trier and Rome. 1906 he completed a doctorate in theology and in 1909 he obtained a second doctorate in...
) and completed the excavations on Saint Peter's tomb
Saint Peter's tomb
Saint Peter's tomb is a site under St. Peter's Basilica that includes several graves and a structure said by Vatican authorities to have been built to memorialize the location of St. Peter's grave. St. Peter's tomb is near the west end of a complex of mausoleums that date between about AD 130 and...
, discovering relics she asserted were those of Saint Peter
Saint Peter
Saint Peter or Simon Peter was an early Christian leader, who is featured prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. The son of John or of Jonah and from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee, his brother Andrew was also an apostle...
. She has asserted that the inscription on the Praeneste fibula
Praeneste fibula
The Praeneste fibula is a golden brooch bearing an inscription that was accepted nearly without question since its presentation to the public in 1887 by Wolfgang Helbig, an archaeologist, as the earliest surviving specimen of the Latin language. The origin of the fibula was not stated in the...
is a forgery.
Background
She was one of the top archaeologists of the Italian Archaeological Mission at Crete (since 1910 on behalf of the Italian Archaeological School of Athens) and in this capacity she published the work of her teacher, the Inscriptiones Creticæ, which included inscriptions in Greek and Latin regarding the island of Crete. She also worked on excavating artifacts related to the Gortyn codeGortyn code
The Gortyn code was a legal code that was the codification of the civil law of the ancient Greek city-state of Gortyn in southern Crete.- History :...
. She is most noted for the publications regarding that work.
She obtained the designation of "docent" for the teaching of Epigraphy and Ancient Greek at the University of Rome "La Sapienza", holding that position until 1973. She continued to teach at the National School of Archeology of Rome, where she was also director, until 1978. During this time she returned to teaching the Greek Epigraphy which consisted of the four volumes of Greek epigraphy and a compendium covering its origins to the later history of the Roman Empire. At the end of her academic career she was appointed Professor Emeritus at the University La Sapienza.
Since 1956 she was affiliated with the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, and appointed as a member of the Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia
Pontifical Academy of Archaeology
The Pontifical Academy of Archaeology is an academic honorary society established in Rome by the Catholic Church for the advancement of Christian archaeological study...
in 1969.
Guarducci received two honorary degrees from the Università Cattolica di Milano
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore is a privately-owned Catholic university founded in 1921 by Agostino Gemelli. Its main campus is located in Milan, Italy with satellite campuses in Brescia, Piacenza, Cremona, Rome, and Campobasso...
and the University of Rennes
University of Rennes
The University of Rennes was a French university located in the city of Rennes. It was established by the union of the 3 faculties of the city in 1885. In 1969, it was divided in two new universities:* the University of Rennes 1...
. Her works are now published by Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
The Italian Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato , founded in 1928, is situated at the Piazza Giuseppe Verdi in Rome...
.
Crete and the Inscriptiones Creticæ
Receiving her diploma in BolognaBologna
Bologna is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna, in the Po Valley of Northern Italy. The city lies between the Po River and the Apennine Mountains, more specifically, between the Reno River and the Savena River. Bologna is a lively and cosmopolitan Italian college city, with spectacular history,...
in 1924, she attended the National School of Archeology in Rome from 1927 onwards, then proceeding to Athens. She was one of the first Italian women scholars to practice archaeology in Greece. She was appointed director of the Scuola Alessandro Della Seta and headed up the excavations on the island of Crete, a Grecian territory since 1880.
There she met Federico Halbherr
Federico Halbherr
Federico Halbherr was an Italian archaeologist and epigrapher, known for his excavations of Crete.-Life:...
, a student of archeology from Florence's Domenico Comparetti
Domenico Comparetti
Domenico Comparetti , Italian scholar, was born at Rome.-Life:He studied at the University of Rome La Sapienza, took his degree in 1855 in natural science and mathematics, and entered his uncle's pharmacy as assistant. His scanty leisure was, however, given to study...
. Guarducci began collaborating with Halbherr and became his favorite pupil during the excavations of the Cretan city of Gortyna. Her work there would continue after the death of Halbherr in 1930.
After Halbherr's death, the project fell under the direction of the Cretan Louis Pernier. Guarducci, whose interests lay primarily in epigraphics, took on the task of completing Halbherr's life's work which was to compile a single work of the Greek and Latin inscriptions of Crete after the seventh century BC. She began a long period of reconnaissance throughout the island, verifying the accuracy of the earlier readings of Halbherr, making corrections and adding new information. She continued this work full-time until 1931 when she was appointed the chair of Ancient Greek epigraphy at the Università di Roma "La Sapienza" where she served until 1950. It was here she was to publish the result of twenty years of research entitled the Inscriptiones Creticæ, which was published between 1935 and 1950. That work is considered the definitive collection of epigraphic entries, as well as the major compilation of the archeology and topography of the ancient city of Gortyna in Crete.
The book, divided into four volumes based on geography (Central Crete, Western Crete, Eastern Crete, and Gortyna), and bears the full title of Inscriptiones Creticæ, opera et consilio Friderici Halbherr collectae, Guarducci curavit Margarita, and is written in Latin, as required by the tradition of epigraphic corpora compiled by 'Academy in Berlin in the nineteenth century. Individual volumes bear the following titles (with year of publication):
- Tituli Cretæ mediæ præter Gortynios ( 1935 ) Tituli Cretæ average praeter Gortynios (1935)
- Tituli Cretæ occidentalis ( 1939 ) Tituli Cretæ occidentalis (1939)
- Tituli Cretæ orientalis ( 1942 ) Tituli Cretæ orientalis (1942)
- Tituli Gortynii ( 1950 ) Tituli Gortyna (1950)
Each volume is accompanied by an extensive bibliography divided into two sections: archaeology and epigraphs. Introductions explain archaeological, topographical, and antiquarian aspects of the areas treated. Entries include photographs, illustrations of epigraphs, transcripts, and extensive commentary.
Gortyn Code
In the fourth volume, which focuses on the city of Gortyna, Guarducci addresses the so-called Great or Great Law of Registration Gortyna (Inscr. Cret., Vol. IV, n.72), discovered by Federico Halbherr in 1884.The inscription, part of a building used as the Odeon, is engraved on a concave wall about 8 m long and 175 cm high. It is grouped into twelve columns ofbustrofedica writingfrom the Greek boustrophedon). This is a type of writing that gradually alternates from left to right, writing a line backward, then reversing from right to left, for the entire text. It is likely that, on the left side of the wall, there were eight other columns which are now lost. This is not a real "code of laws," but rather, with the Latin, a saturated legum, i.e., a sparse collection of laws, updates of previous ancient laws and new laws focused on a specific topic. In the case of the Gortyn Code, the laws shown are mostly family law, as well as regarding economics and commerce.
Publications by Margherita Guarducci
- La cattedra di San Pietro nella scienza e nella fede, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1982
- La più antica icona di Maria. Un prodigioso vincolo fra Oriente e Occidente, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1989
- La Tomba di san Pietro. Una straordinaria vicenda, Rusconi Ed., 1989
- San Pietro e Sant'Ippolito: storia di statue famose in Vaticano, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1991
- Le chiavi sulla pietra. Studi, ricordi e documenti inediti intorno alla tomba di Pietro, Piemme, 1995
- Verità. Meditazioni, esperienze, documenti in tempi antichi e recenti, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1995
- Le reliquie di Pietro in Vaticano, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1995
- Epigrafia greca, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 1995
- La tomba di san Pietro. Una straordinaria vicenda, Bompiani, 2000
- L'epigrafia greca dalle origini al tardo impero, Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato, 2005
- Fibula Prenestina. Tra antiquari, eruditi e falsari nella Roma dell'Ottocento, Bardi Editore 2007