Magic hyperbeam
Encyclopedia
A magic hyperbeam is a variation on a magic hypercube
where the orders along each direction may be different. As such a magic hyperbeam generalises the two dimensional magic rectangle and the three dimensional magic beam, a series that mimics the series magic square
, magic cube
and magic hypercube
. This article will mimic the magic hypercubes article in close detail, and just as that article serves merely as an introduction to the topic.
with the letter 'n' and the orders of a hyperbeam with the letter 'm' (appended with the subscripted number of the direction it applies to).
Further: In this article the analytical number range [0..k=0∏n-1mk-1] is being used.
Note: The notation for position can also be used for the value on that position. There where it is appropriate dimension and orders can be added to it thus forming: n[ki]m0,..,mn-1
Other more adhoc methods suffice on occasion I need a hyperbeam.
nB(m..)1 * nB(m..)2 : n[ki](m..)1(m..)2 = n[ ki \ mk2(m..)1k=0∏n-1mk1](m..)2 + [ki % mk2](m..)2](m..)1(m..)2
(m..) abbreviates: m0,..,mn-1.
(m..)1(m..)2 abbreviates: m01m02,..,mn-11mn-12.
Sk = mk (j=0∏n-1mj - 1) / 2
When any of the orders mk is even, the product is even and thus the only way Sk turns out integer is when all mk are even.
Thus suffices: all mk are either even or odd.
This is with the exception of mk=1 of course, which allows for general identities like:
Which goes beyond the scope of this introductory article
nB(m0..mn-1)~R ; R = k=0∑n-1 ((reflect(k)) ? 2k : 0) ;
Where reflect(k) true iff coördinate k is being reflected, only then 2k is added to R.
In case one views different orientations of the beam as equal one could view the number of aspects n! 2n just as with the magic hypercubes, directions with equal orders contribute factors depending on the hyperbeam's orders. This goes beyond the scope of this article.
Note: '^' and '_' are essential part of the notation and used as manipulation selectors.
The term transpose (usually denoted by t) is used with two dimensional matrices, in general though perhaps "coördinaatpermutation" might be preferable.
[ki] < [k(i+1)] ; i = 0..mk-2 (by monagonal permutation)
Qualification
Qualifying the hyperbeam is less developed then it is on the magic hypercubes in fact only the k'th monagonal direction need to sum to:
Sk = mk (j=0∏n-1mj - 1) / 2
for all k = 0..n-1 for the hyperbeam to be qualified {magic}
When the orders are not relatively prime the n-agonal sum can be restricted to:
S = lcm(mi ; i = 0..n-1) (j=0∏n-1mj - 1) / 2
with all orders relatively prime this reaches its maximum:
Smax = j=0∏n-1mj (j=0∏n-1mj - 1) / 2
This hyperbeam can be seen as the source of all numbers. A procedure called "Dynamic numbering" makes use of the isomorphism
of every hyperbeam with this normal, changing the source, changes the hyperbeam. Basic multiplications of normal hyperbeams play a special role with the "Dynamic numbering" of magic hypercubes of order k=0∏n-1 mk.
The hyperbeam that is usually added to change the here used "analytic" numberrange into the "regular" numberrange. Other constant hyperbeams are of course multiples of this one.
External links
Further reading
Magic hypercube
In mathematics, a magic hypercube is the k-dimensional generalization of magic squares, magic cubes and magic tesseracts; that is, a number of integers arranged in an n × n × n × .....
where the orders along each direction may be different. As such a magic hyperbeam generalises the two dimensional magic rectangle and the three dimensional magic beam, a series that mimics the series magic square
Magic square
In recreational mathematics, a magic square of order n is an arrangement of n2 numbers, usually distinct integers, in a square, such that the n numbers in all rows, all columns, and both diagonals sum to the same constant. A normal magic square contains the integers from 1 to n2...
, magic cube
Magic cube
In mathematics, a magic cube is the 3-dimensional equivalent of a magic square, that is, a number of integers arranged in a n x n x n pattern such that the sum of the numbers on each row, each column, each pillar and the four main space diagonals is equal to a single number, the so-called magic...
and magic hypercube
Magic hypercube
In mathematics, a magic hypercube is the k-dimensional generalization of magic squares, magic cubes and magic tesseracts; that is, a number of integers arranged in an n × n × n × .....
. This article will mimic the magic hypercubes article in close detail, and just as that article serves merely as an introduction to the topic.
Conventions
It is customary to denote the dimensionDimension
In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a space or object is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Thus a line has a dimension of one because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on it...
with the letter 'n' and the orders of a hyperbeam with the letter 'm' (appended with the subscripted number of the direction it applies to).
- (n) Dimension : the amount of directions within a hyperbeam.
- (mk) Order : the amount of numbers along kth monagonal k = 0, ..., n − 1.
Further: In this article the analytical number range [0..k=0∏n-1mk-1] is being used.
Notations
in order to keep things in hand a special notation was developed:- [ ki; k=[0..n-1]; i=[0..mk-1] ]: positions within the hyperbeam
- < ki; k=[0..n-1]; i=[0..mk-1] >: vectors through the hyperbeam
Note: The notation for position can also be used for the value on that position. There where it is appropriate dimension and orders can be added to it thus forming: n[ki]m0,..,mn-1
Basic
Description of more general methods might be put here, I don't often create hyperbeams, so I don't know whether Knightjump or Latin Prescription work here.Other more adhoc methods suffice on occasion I need a hyperbeam.
Multiplication
Amongst the various ways of compounding, the multiplication can be considered as the most basic of these methods. The basic multiplication is given by:nB(m..)1 * nB(m..)2 : n[ki](m..)1(m..)2 = n[ ki \ mk2(m..)1k=0∏n-1mk1](m..)2 + [ki % mk2](m..)2](m..)1(m..)2
(m..) abbreviates: m0,..,mn-1.
(m..)1(m..)2 abbreviates: m01m02,..,mn-11mn-12.
all orders are either even or odd
A fact that can be easily seen since the magic sums are:Sk = mk (j=0∏n-1mj - 1) / 2
When any of the orders mk is even, the product is even and thus the only way Sk turns out integer is when all mk are even.
Thus suffices: all mk are either even or odd.
This is with the exception of mk=1 of course, which allows for general identities like:
- Nmt = Nm,1 * N1,m
- Nm = N1,m * Nm,1
Which goes beyond the scope of this introductory article
Only one direction with order = 2
since any number has but one complement only one of the directions can have mk = 2.Aspects
A hyperbeam knows 2n Aspectial variants, which are obtained by coördinate reflection ([ki] --> [k(-i)]) effectively giving the Aspectial variant:nB(m0..mn-1)~R ; R = k=0∑n-1 ((reflect(k)) ? 2k : 0) ;
Where reflect(k) true iff coördinate k is being reflected, only then 2k is added to R.
In case one views different orientations of the beam as equal one could view the number of aspects n! 2n just as with the magic hypercubes, directions with equal orders contribute factors depending on the hyperbeam's orders. This goes beyond the scope of this article.
Basic manipulations
Besides more specific manipulations, the following are of more general nature- ^[perm(0..n-1)] : coördinate permutation (n 2: transpose)
- _2axis[perm(0..m-1)] : monagonal permutation (axis ε [0..n-1])
Note: '^' and '_' are essential part of the notation and used as manipulation selectors.
Coördinate permutation
The exchange of coördinaat [ki] into [perm(k)i], because of n coördinates a permutation over these n directions is required.The term transpose (usually denoted by t) is used with two dimensional matrices, in general though perhaps "coördinaatpermutation" might be preferable.
Monagonal permutation
Defined as the change of [ki] into [kperm(i)] alongside the given "axial"-direction. Equal permutation along various axes with equal orders can be combined by adding the factors 2axis. Thus defining all kinds of r-agonal permutations for any r. Easy to see that all possibilities are given by the corresponding permutation of m numbers.normal position
In case no restrictions are considered on the n-agonals a magic hyperbeam can be represented shown in "normal position" by:[ki] < [k(i+1)] ; i = 0..mk-2 (by monagonal permutation)
Qualification
Qualifying the hyperbeam is less developed then it is on the magic hypercubes in fact only the k'th monagonal direction need to sum to:
Sk = mk (j=0∏n-1mj - 1) / 2
for all k = 0..n-1 for the hyperbeam to be qualified {magic}
When the orders are not relatively prime the n-agonal sum can be restricted to:
S = lcm(mi ; i = 0..n-1) (j=0∏n-1mj - 1) / 2
with all orders relatively prime this reaches its maximum:
Smax = j=0∏n-1mj (j=0∏n-1mj - 1) / 2
The "normal hyperbeam"
nNm0,..,mn-1 : [ki] = k=0∑n-1 ki mkkThis hyperbeam can be seen as the source of all numbers. A procedure called "Dynamic numbering" makes use of the isomorphism
Isomorphism
In abstract algebra, an isomorphism is a mapping between objects that shows a relationship between two properties or operations. If there exists an isomorphism between two structures, the two structures are said to be isomorphic. In a certain sense, isomorphic structures are...
of every hyperbeam with this normal, changing the source, changes the hyperbeam. Basic multiplications of normal hyperbeams play a special role with the "Dynamic numbering" of magic hypercubes of order k=0∏n-1 mk.
The "constant 1"
n1m0,..,mn-1 : [ki] = 1The hyperbeam that is usually added to change the here used "analytic" numberrange into the "regular" numberrange. Other constant hyperbeams are of course multiples of this one.
External links
- http://www.magichypercubes.com/Encyclopedia
- J.R.Hendricks
- Marián Trenklar Cube-Ref.html
- Mitsutoshi Nakamura: Rectangles
Further reading
- Thomas R. Hagedorn, On the existence of magic n-dimensional rectangles, Discrete Mathematics 207 (1999), 53-63.
- Thomas R. Hagedorn, Magic retangles revisited, Discrete MathematicsDiscrete Mathematics (journal)Discrete Mathematics is a journal in the broad area of discrete mathematics, combinatorics, graph theory and their applications, published by Elsevier. It publishes both short notes, full length contributions, as well as survey articles. In addition, DM publishes a number of special issues each...
207 (1999), 65-72. - Marián Trenkler, Magic rectangles, The Mathematical Gazette 83(1999), 102-105.
- Harvey D. Heinz & John R. Hendricks, Magic Square Lexicon: Illustrated, self-published, 2000, ISBN 0-9687985-0-0.