Laurier School of Business & Economics
Encyclopedia
The Laurier School of Business & Economics is one of the largest business schools in Canada. With more than 4,500 students overall, it is the largest faculty at Wilfrid Laurier University
Wilfrid Laurier University
Wilfrid Laurier University is a university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It also has campuses in Brantford, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario and Toronto, Ontario and a future proposed campus in Milton, Ontario. It is named in honour of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada....

. The main campus is located in Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario
Waterloo is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. It is the smallest of the three cities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and is adjacent to the city of Kitchener....

, Ontario
Ontario
Ontario is a province of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province and second largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa....

, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

 - the heart of Canada's Technology Triangle, 100 km (62.1 mi) west of Toronto - and offers full-time & part-time PhD
PHD
PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...

, MBA, Master's
Master's degree
A master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...

, Economics
Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...

, BBA
BBA
BBA may refer to:*Bachelor of Business Administration, degree*Bachpan Bachao Andolan, an NGO against child labour in India*Backyard Brawlers Association, a wrestling promotion based primarily out of Rockville Centre, NY*Balanced Budget Act, U.S...

, Bachelor's and Diploma
Diploma
A diploma is a certificate or deed issued by an educational institution, such as a university, that testifies that the recipient has successfully completed a particular course of study or confers an academic degree. In countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia, the word diploma refers to...

 programs. Laurier business also has a second, part-time MBA campus located in the St. Andrew’s Club & Conference Centre in the core of downtown Toronto. The School has more than 100 full-time and 65 part-time faculty.

Current programs offered by the Laurier School of Business & Economics include:

As of 2011, the Laurier School of Business & Economics has over 20,000 alumni (16,700 undergraduate and 3,300 masters/graduate/phd) working in Canada, the United States and around the world. Recently the school was named an outstanding business school by The Princeton Review, who acknowledged that “We are pleased to recommend Laurier as one of the best institutions students could attend to earn an MBA”. The Laurier School of Business & Economics is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business was founded in 1916 to accredit schools of business worldwide. The first accreditations took place in 1919. The stated mission is to advance quality management education worldwide through accreditation and thought leadership. It is regarded...

 (AACSB International) for all of its Undergraduate, Master's, and Ph.D programs.

BBA Program

The Honours BBA
BBA
BBA may refer to:*Bachelor of Business Administration, degree*Bachpan Bachao Andolan, an NGO against child labour in India*Backyard Brawlers Association, a wrestling promotion based primarily out of Rockville Centre, NY*Balanced Budget Act, U.S...

 program is based on the concept that a general education involving an exposure to the liberal arts and sciences is essential for a career in management and for the complete development of an individual. The management portion of the BBA
BBA
BBA may refer to:*Bachelor of Business Administration, degree*Bachpan Bachao Andolan, an NGO against child labour in India*Backyard Brawlers Association, a wrestling promotion based primarily out of Rockville Centre, NY*Balanced Budget Act, U.S...

 program emphasizes two main objectives for its students: first, on graduation, to prepare for meaningful responsibility immediately and second, to build a foundation for a career in management. In recent years, the Ontario cutoff for the BBA program has been on the rise; in 2011, the cutoff for the program stood at a strict 86% minimum.

The Laurier School of Business & Economics at Wilfrid Laurier University has very strong connections with many professional organizations. Some of these professional organizations and their designations include the following: CA
Chartered Accountant
Chartered Accountants were the first accountants to form a professional body, initially established in Britain in 1854. The Edinburgh Society of Accountants , the Glasgow Institute of Accountants and Actuaries and the Aberdeen Society of Accountants were each granted a royal charter almost from...

, CGA
Certified General Accountant
Certified General Accountant is the designation of professionals who are jointly members of the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada and a provincial or territorial CGA association, or a CGA association overseas...

, CMA
Certified Management Accountant
The title Certified Management Accountant is used by various professional bodies around the world to designate their different professional certifications....

, CFA
Chartered Financial Analyst
The Chartered Financial Analyst Program is a graduate level self-study program offered by the CFA Institute to investment and financial professionals...

, CHRP. Laurier's combined programs allow students to apply their BBA
BBA
BBA may refer to:*Bachelor of Business Administration, degree*Bachpan Bachao Andolan, an NGO against child labour in India*Backyard Brawlers Association, a wrestling promotion based primarily out of Rockville Centre, NY*Balanced Budget Act, U.S...

 courses towards these professional designations.

Through the Laurier School of Business & Economics Co-op
Cooperative education
Cooperative education is a structured method of combining classroom-based education with practical work experience. A cooperative education experience, commonly known as a "co-op", provides academic credit for structured job experience...

 programs, students have the opportunity to alternate four-month periods of classroom study with four months of career-related employment. Laurier SBE claims to promote innovation and entrepreneurial thinking and action, and take a contemporary approach to addressing the challenges of business through research, teaching and application of knowledge.

BBA Majors and Concentrations
  • Accounting
  • Brand Communication
  • Entrepreneurship
  • Finance
  • Human Resources Management
  • Insurance and Risk Management
  • International Business
  • Marketing
  • Strategic Management
  • Supply Chain Management
  • Business combined with Computer Science
  • Business combined with Math

  • BA-Economics Programs

    Laurier's Department of Economics
    Economics
    Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...

     offers undergraduate programs leading to an Honours Bachelor of Arts
    Bachelor of Arts
    A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...

     (BA) degree in Economics
    Economics
    Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...

     or Applied Economics
    Applied economics
    Applied economics is a term that refers to the application of economic theory and analysis. While not a field of economics, it is typically characterized by the application of economic theory and econometrics to address practical issues in a range of fields including labour economics, industrial...

    . The Ontario cutoff for the BA Economics program ranged from the low to mid 80s, which is significantly higher than the general or other honours arts programs.

    Both the undergraduate Honours Economics
    Economics
    Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...

     program and the BBA program offer a Cooperative Education
    Cooperative education
    Cooperative education is a structured method of combining classroom-based education with practical work experience. A cooperative education experience, commonly known as a "co-op", provides academic credit for structured job experience...

     option. The Department of Economics' location within the Laurier School of Business & Economics enables it to offer interdisciplinary programs which combine a traditional education in Economics
    Economics
    Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...

     with the acquisition of skills in Applied Economics
    Applied economics
    Applied economics is a term that refers to the application of economic theory and analysis. While not a field of economics, it is typically characterized by the application of economic theory and econometrics to address practical issues in a range of fields including labour economics, industrial...

    , Accounting, Administration or Financial Management
    Managerial finance
    Managerial finance is the branch of finance that concerns itself with the managerial significance of finance techniques. It is focused on assessment rather than technique....

    .

    Laurier Economics graduates have won admission to top graduate schools in North America and Europe. Others enjoy very successful careers with major corporations and financial institutions, as well as organizations in the public sector. Although the end result is a Bachelor of Arts degree, students have the option to concentrate in aspects of business if they choose to. BA Economics and Accounting, for instance, allows for a student to earn the credit hours for a CA designation and, like the BBA program, is accredited by the ICAO.

    BA - Economics Majors and Concentrations
    • Economics
    • Applied Economics
    • Economics combined with Accounting
    • Economics combined with Financial Management
    • Economics combined with Political Science

    MBA Programs

    The Laurier MBA is internationally renowned for the caliber of its program, and strength of its graduates from their first day on the job.

    Combined programs offered by the school include an MBA coupled with the CMA
    Certified Management Accountant
    The title Certified Management Accountant is used by various professional bodies around the world to designate their different professional certifications....

     or CFA
    Chartered Financial Analyst
    The Chartered Financial Analyst Program is a graduate level self-study program offered by the CFA Institute to investment and financial professionals...

    .

    With over 500 students (full-time, part-time and co-op) enrolled in the Laurier MBA each year, the program is one of Canada’s largest MBA programs.

    The Laurier MBA provides students with choices. Full-time or part-time, evening or weekends. It is the first MBA program in Canada to offer an integrated core curriculum, and has excellent connections to the employer community in Waterloo, Toronto and beyond.

    MBA Majors and Concentrations
    • Innovation & Entrepreneurship
    • Entrepreneurship
    • Accounting
    • Brand Communications Management
    • Marketing
    • Financial Management
  • Organizational Behaviour & Human Resource Management
  • Strategic Management
  • Supply Chain Management
  • International Business Management
  • MBA combined with CMA
  • MBA combined with CFA

  • MABE Programs

    The Master of Arts
    Master of Arts (postgraduate)
    A Master of Arts from the Latin Magister Artium, is a type of Master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The M.A. is usually contrasted with the M.S. or M.Sc. degrees...

     (MA) program in Business Economics
    Business economics
    Business economics as a field in applied economics uses economic theory and quantitative methods to analyze business enterprises and the factors contributing to the diversity of organizational structures and the relationships of firms with labour, capital and product markets...

     applies economic principles to business problems, strategic planning, international trade and finance and the problems of macroeconomic policy making.

    This degree is relevant to those wishing to prepare themselves for careers as professional economists in the private or public sectors.
    Graduates may pursue careers specializing in economic forecasting, economic policy analysis, industry and market studies, financial markets and institutions, strategic planning and public policy.

    Graduates of the program are qualified to pursue doctoral studies. A major strength of the program is that it combines a specific focus on business economics with training in economic theory, quantitative methods and applied research.

    MFin Programs

    The Master of Finance
    Master of Finance
    A Master of Finance is a Master's degree designed to prepare graduates for careers in financial analysis, investment management and corporate finance. An alternate degree title is Master in Finance or Master of Science in Finance...

     degree (MFin) program is designed for students who want to pursue a career in Finance
    Finance
    "Finance" is often defined simply as the management of money or “funds” management Modern finance, however, is a family of business activity that includes the origination, marketing, and management of cash and money surrogates through a variety of capital accounts, instruments, and markets created...

     in positions that demand both extensive finance knowledge as well as excellent quantitative research skills.

    The Master of Finance graduate should be able to use econometric software packages to conduct empirical research in equities, fixed incomes, derivative products, corporate finance and portfolio management. Positions in finance that require this depth of analytical skills are found in major investment banks, pension funds, insurance companies and financial services consulting firms.

    The program also provides students an opportunity to prepare and write Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA
    Chartered Financial Analyst
    The Chartered Financial Analyst Program is a graduate level self-study program offered by the CFA Institute to investment and financial professionals...

    ) Levels I and II exams if desired.
    Students complete five-terms of study covering twelve (12) required courses and a research paper. The duration of the program is 20 months which includes two four-month work terms, in winter and fall, with firms in the financial services industry.

    MSc Programs

    The MSc in Management consists of two fields, namely Organizational Behaviour / Human Resource Management, and Supply Chain Management. These programs are distinctly different from the other master-level (MBA, MABE and MIPP) programs that Laurier SBE offers in that the participants will be trained specifically as experts in their fields of designation.

    The Master of Science in Management (MSc) Supply Chain Management
    Supply chain management
    Supply chain management is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers...

     (SCM) was created for students interested in careers requiring in-depth understanding of supply chains. Employers include retailers, supply chain consulting firms, manufacturers, and firms that provide support services for supply chain operations (e.g. third party logistics firms and transportation companies). The technical skills acquired in preparing for these specialized professional roles provide a springboard to doctoral level training for students who are so inclined.

    The Master of Science in Management degree (MSc) program with a concentration in Organizational Behaviour (OB) and Human Resource Management
    Human resource management
    Human Resource Management is the management of an organization's employees. While human resource management is sometimes referred to as a "soft" management skill, effective practice within an organization requires a strategic focus to ensure that people resources can facilitate the achievement of...

     (HRM) is primarily designed for students who want to pursue a doctoral (PhD) degree with the ultimate goal of a career in either academics or industry. The MSc degree may serve as an intermediate degree for admission to Doctoral programs, or as a terminal degree for research-based careers (e.g., wage and compensation analyst, job analyst, organizational analyst).

    PhD Programs

    The PhD
    PHD
    PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...

     in Management Program is designed to develop graduates skilled in research with both theoretical and practical understanding of the complex problems of business management. The doctoral program provides excellent preparation for academic, professional and research careers.

    Each year, the Laurier School of Business & Economics accepts only a small group of students in each field.

    The PhD in Management - Accounting program will prepare candidates for an academic career in accounting. The program is designed to provide breadth of knowledge of accounting theory and research methodologies, and training in both basic and advanced accounting research to develop analytic and interpretive skills as well as intellectual independence.

    The PhD in Management - Financial Economics
    Financial economics
    Financial Economics is the branch of economics concerned with "the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment"....

     is the first of its kind within a School of Business & Economics in Ontario.

    The discipline of Financial Economics brings together two core disciplines. The degree requires at least two years of course work. Building on the Financial Economics theory, students undertake research in key areas of financial management: financial markets, corporate finance and governance, options and futures.

    The PhD in Management - Marketing
    Marketing
    Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...

     builds on core marketing theory to focus on two important areas in marketing: 1) Service and Relationship Marketing, and 2) Branding and Brand Communications. The degree requires at least two years of course work.

    The PhD in Management - Organizational Behaviour & Human Resource Management
    Human resource management
    Human Resource Management is the management of an organization's employees. While human resource management is sometimes referred to as a "soft" management skill, effective practice within an organization requires a strategic focus to ensure that people resources can facilitate the achievement of...

     discipline focuses on micro and macro processes in the management of humanresources. Students are required to take core PhD courses in theory,statistics, and methodology as well as doctoral level seminar courses in human resource management, organizational behaviour, and organizational theory.

    The PhD in Management - Operations Management
    Operations management
    Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and redesigning business operations in the production of goods and/or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as little resources as needed, and...

     & Supply Chain Management
    Supply chain management
    Supply chain management is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers...

     program offers a comprehensive Operations & Supply Chain Management education covering all of the pillars of the discipline including Transportation, Logistics and Purchasing. It is expected that graduates of this program will find career opportunities in the areas of Operations Management, Marketing and Industry. The program requires at least two years of course work.

    Centres and Organizations

    The Laurier School of Business & Economics is host to a number of student and professional organizations:

    Alumni

    As of 2011, the Laurier School of Business & Economics has over 20,000 alumni (16,700 undergraduate and 3,300 masters/graduate/phd) working in Canada, the United States and around the world. This is partial list of notable Laurier School of Business & Economics alumni. Entries on this list should either have an existing article link which verifies they are an alumnus, or reliable sources cited for each name.
    • Andrew Abouchar, Co-Founder & Partner, Tech Capital Partners
    • Dean Allison
      Dean Allison
      Dean Allison is a Canadian politician. He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the 2004 federal election for the new riding of Niagara West—Glanbrook...

      , Member of Parliament, Canadian House of Commons
    • Real Bergevin, Co-Founder & CEO, NuComm International
      NuComm International
      NuComm International was a Canadian-based provider of customer relationship and call center services.It is officially now part of Transcom WorldWide S.A...

      , USA
    • Robert Boyce
      Robert Boyce
      Robert William Dewar Boyce was a Senior Lecturer in International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science...

      , Senior Lecturer, London School of Economics
      London School of Economics
      The London School of Economics and Political Science is a public research university specialised in the social sciences located in London, United Kingdom, and a constituent college of the federal University of London...

      , UK
    • Bryan Dare, Co-Chairman, Dare Foods
      Dare Foods
      -History:“Feel good food is at the heart of everything we do at Dare, especially when it comes to baking delicious, quality snacks for your family.” They are dedicated to creating high quality snacks for the average person....

    • Bill Downe
      Bill Downe
      William A. Downe is a Canadian bank executive. He became president and chief executive officer of Bank of Montreal on March 1, 2007.- Career :...

      , President & CEO, Bank of Montreal
      Bank of Montreal
      The Bank of Montreal , , or BMO Financial Group, is the fourth largest bank in Canada by deposits. The Bank of Montreal was founded on June 23, 1817 by John Richardson and eight merchants in a rented house in Montreal, Quebec. On May 19, 1817 the Articles of Association were adopted, making it...

    • Lindsay Duffield, President & CEO, BMW
      BMW
      Bayerische Motoren Werke AG is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company founded in 1916. It also owns and produces the Mini marque, and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW produces motorcycles under BMW Motorrad and Husqvarna brands...

       Canada
    • Dan Einwechter, President & CEO, Challenger Motor Freight
    • Rick Endrulat, Co-Founder & President, Virtual Causeway
    • Brock Furlong, CEO, Optimum Food Group, USA
    • Jim Gabel, President Reebok
      Reebok
      Reebok International Limited, a subsidiary of the German sportswear company Adidas since 2005, is a producer of Athletic shoes, apparel, and accessories. The name comes from the Afrikaans spelling of rhebok, a type of African antelope or gazelle...

       North America, USA
    • David Hayter, COO, Liberty Mutual
      Liberty Mutual
      Liberty Mutual Group, more commonly known by the name of its primary line of business Liberty Mutual, is a diversified global insurer and the third largest property and casualty insurer in the United States based on 2010 net written premium. It is the 82nd company on the Fortune 500 list for 2011...

       Investments, USA
    • Bruce Hodges, COO, Sun Life Financial
      Sun Life Financial
      Sun Life Financial Inc. is an international financial services company known primarily as a life insurance company. Based in Toronto, Canada, Sun Life and its partners provide insurance, retirement and investment solutions for individuals and businesses around the world including Canada, the United...

       Asia, Hong Kong
    • Ralph Hyatt, President & CEO, Toshiba
      Toshiba
      is a multinational electronics and electrical equipment corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It is a diversified manufacturer and marketer of electrical products, spanning information & communications equipment and systems, Internet-based solutions and services, electronic components and...

       Canada
    • Ron Jutras, President & CEO, ATS Automation Tooling Systems
      ATS Automation Tooling Systems
      ATS Automation Tooling Systems is a Cambridge, Ontario based Canadian company which designs and builds factory automation solutions. They have designed and built more than 10,000 automation systems in the areas of medical devices, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, semiconductor, fiber optics,...

    • Dennis Kavelman, CFO/COO, Research In Motion
      Research In Motion
      Research In Motion Limited or RIM is a Canadian multinational telecommunications company headquartered in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada that designs, manufactures and markets wireless solutions for the worldwide mobile communications market...

       (RIM)
      Research In Motion
      Research In Motion Limited or RIM is a Canadian multinational telecommunications company headquartered in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada that designs, manufactures and markets wireless solutions for the worldwide mobile communications market...

    • Linda Kitamura, Vice President Finance, Hewlett-Packard
      Hewlett-Packard
      Hewlett-Packard Company or HP is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, USA that provides products, technologies, softwares, solutions and services to consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises, including...

      , USA
    • Pat Krajewski, Senior Vice President HR, Scotiabank
      Scotiabank
      The Bank of Nova Scotia , commonly known as Scotiabank , is the third largest bank in Canada by deposits and market capitalization. It serves some 18.6 million customers in more than 50 countries around the world and offers a broad range of products and services including personal, commercial,...

       International Banking
    • Dave Lacey, Managing Partner, Brookfield Asset Management
      Brookfield Asset Management
      Brookfield Asset Management Inc. is a Toronto, Ontario-based asset management company that manages a global portfolio of assets valued at over $150 billion...

       Properties
    • Dan Latendre, Founder & CEO, Igloo Software
    • Marc Morin, Co-Founder & CTO, Sandvine
      Sandvine
      Sandvine Incorporated , in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.Sandvine network policy control products are designed to implement broad network policies, ranging from service creation, billing, congestion management, and security...

    • Bruce Morrison, Senior Vice President, Disney Consumer Products, USA
    • Stacey Mowbray, President & CEO, Second Cup
      Second Cup
      Second Cup is Canada's largest Canadian-based specialty coffee retailer, operating more than 360 cafés across Canada. Its headquarters are in Mississauga, Ontario. Founded in 1975 by Tom Culligan and Frank O'Dea, Culligan eventually purchased O'Dea's shares. After building it to a 150-store chain,...

    • Lynn Oldfield, President, Chartis
      Chartis
      Chartis , is a division of AIG in the process of being spun off, formerly referred to as the 'Property Casualty Insurance' part of AIG...

       Insurance Canada
    • Tim Penner, President, Procter & Gamble
      Procter & Gamble
      Procter & Gamble is a Fortune 500 American multinational corporation headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio and manufactures a wide range of consumer goods....

       Canada
    • David Strucke, President & CEO, Navtech
    • Razor Suleman
      Razor Suleman
      Kaizer Suleman , better known as Razor Suleman, is a Canadian entrepreneur, and the founder and CEO of I Love Rewards Inc.-Early years:...

      , Founder & CEO, I Love Rewards
      I Love Rewards
      Achievers Inc., formerly 'I Love Rewards is a Toronto-based company that builds and manages employee recognition and rewards programs for other organizations. In October 2008, I Love Rewards was named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by the...

    • Ray Tanguay, Chairman, Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada
      Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada
      Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada Inc. is a Canadian automotive manufacturer and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation...

       & Senior Managing Officer Toyota Motor Corp, Japan
    • Ian Troop, CEO, 2015 Pan American Games
      2015 Pan American Games
      The 2015 Pan American Games, officially the XVII Pan American Games or the 17th Pan American Games, will be a major international multi-sport event that will be held from July 10–26, 2015 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with some events held in the suburbs of Ajax, Barrie, Brampton, Caledon, Hamilton,...

    • Robert Tong, Vice President, ON Semiconductor
      ON Semiconductor
      ON Semiconductor , is a semiconductors supplier company. Products include power and signal management, logic, discrete and custom devices for automotive, communications, computing, consumer, industrial, LED lighting, medical, military/aerospace and power applications...


    External links

    Current programs offered by the Laurier School of Business & Economics include:
    The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
     
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