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Konar Sandal is a Bronze Age
Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is, with respect to a given prehistory, the period in that society when the most advanced metalworking included smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper and tin ores, creating a bronze alloy by melting those metals together, and casting them into bronze artifact s....
 archaeological site, situated just south of Jiroft
Jiroft

Jiroft is a city in Kerman province, Iran. It is located 230-kilometres south of the city of Kerman, and 1,375-kilometres south of Tehran. Its population is 290,000....
, Kerman Province
Kerman Province

Kerman is one of the 30 provinces of Iran of Iran. It is in the south-east of the country. Its center is Kerman. The province of Kerman is the second largest province in Iran, 180,836 km?....
, Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
.

It consists of two mounds a few kilometers apart, called Konar Sandal A and B with a height of 13 and 21 meters, respectively. At Konar Sandal B, a two-story, windowed citadel with a base of close to 13.5 hectares was found.

The site is associated with the hypothesized "Jiroft culture", a 3rd millennium BC culture postulated on the basis of a collection of artifacts confiscated in 2001.

The proposition of identifying the site as an "independent Bronze Age civilization
Civilization

A civilization is a society or culture group normally defined as a complex society characterized by the practice of agriculture and settlement in towns and city....
 with its own architecture and language" is due to Yousef Majidzadeh, head of the archaeological excavation team in Jiroft since.






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Konar Sandal is a Bronze Age
Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is, with respect to a given prehistory, the period in that society when the most advanced metalworking included smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper and tin ores, creating a bronze alloy by melting those metals together, and casting them into bronze artifact s....
 archaeological site, situated just south of Jiroft
Jiroft

Jiroft is a city in Kerman province, Iran. It is located 230-kilometres south of the city of Kerman, and 1,375-kilometres south of Tehran. Its population is 290,000....
, Kerman Province
Kerman Province

Kerman is one of the 30 provinces of Iran of Iran. It is in the south-east of the country. Its center is Kerman. The province of Kerman is the second largest province in Iran, 180,836 km?....
, Iran
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
.

It consists of two mounds a few kilometers apart, called Konar Sandal A and B with a height of 13 and 21 meters, respectively. At Konar Sandal B, a two-story, windowed citadel with a base of close to 13.5 hectares was found.

The site is associated with the hypothesized "Jiroft culture", a 3rd millennium BC culture postulated on the basis of a collection of artifacts confiscated in 2001.

The proposition of identifying the site as an "independent Bronze Age civilization
Civilization

A civilization is a society or culture group normally defined as a complex society characterized by the practice of agriculture and settlement in towns and city....
 with its own architecture and language" is due to Yousef Majidzadeh, head of the archaeological excavation team in Jiroft since. Majidzadeh speculates they may be the remains of the lost Aratta
Aratta

Aratta is a land that appears in Sumerian myths surrounding Enmerkar and Lugalbanda, two early and possibly mythical kings of Uruk also mentioned on the Sumerian king list....
 Kingdom. Other conjectures (eg. Daniel T. Potts, Piotr Steinkeller) have connected the site with the obscure city-state of Marhashi. Majidzadeh's conclusions have met with skepticism from reviewers.

Muscarella (2004) notes that as of August 2004, no excavated artifacts have been reported from Madjidzadeh's excavation that relate or can be compared to the dissimilar, unexcavated objects confiscated in 2001 and published by Majidzadeh in his 2003 Catalogue.

See also

  • Shahr-i Sokhta
    Shahr-i Sokhta

    Shahr-e Sukhte "Burnt City" is an archaeological site of a sizable Bronze Age urban settlement, associated with the Jiroft culture. It is located in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, the southeastern part of Iran, on the bank of the Helmand River, near the Zahedan-Zabol road....
  • Halil River
    Halil River

    Halil River is river in the Jiroft and Kahnuj districts of Iran's Kerman Province, stretching for some 390 km. It rises at 3,300 m, in the Hazar mountains about 100 km to the north-west of Jiroft, flowing to the south-west until it is joined by the Rudar and Rabar rivers....
  • Aratta
    Aratta

    Aratta is a land that appears in Sumerian myths surrounding Enmerkar and Lugalbanda, two early and possibly mythical kings of Uruk also mentioned on the Sumerian king list....
  • Marhasi
    Marhasi

    Marha?i was a 3rd millennium BC polity situated east of Elam, on the Iranian plateau. It is known from Mesopotamian sources, and its precise location has not been identified....
  • Cities of the Ancient Near East
    Cities of the ancient Near East

    Uru was the Sumerian language term for a city or city state, written with the cuneiform ideogram URU .In Akkadian language and Hittite orthography, URU became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combined with KUR "land" the kingdom or territory controlled by a city, e.g....


External links

  • (2004)