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In vivo
 
 
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In vivo (Latin for within the living) means that which takes place inside an organism. In science, in vivo refers to experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism
Organism

In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole....
 as opposed to a partial or dead one or a controlled environment
In vitro

In vitro refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism. Some may argue that in vitro refers to a process that is created in a "test tube"; however, Robert Kail and John Cavanaugh on page 58 in the 4th edition of Human Development: A Life-Span View cite that in fact th...
. Animal testing
Animal testing

Animal testing / animal experimentation is the use of non-human animals in Experiment. It is estimated that 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals worldwide — from zebrafish to non-human primates — are used annually....
 and clinical trials are forms of in vivo research.

type of research approaches subject experimentation holistically.






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In vivo (Latin for within the living) means that which takes place inside an organism. In science, in vivo refers to experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism
Organism

In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole....
 as opposed to a partial or dead one or a controlled environment
In vitro

In vitro refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism. Some may argue that in vitro refers to a process that is created in a "test tube"; however, Robert Kail and John Cavanaugh on page 58 in the 4th edition of Human Development: A Life-Span View cite that in fact th...
. Animal testing
Animal testing

Animal testing / animal experimentation is the use of non-human animals in Experiment. It is estimated that 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals worldwide — from zebrafish to non-human primates — are used annually....
 and clinical trials are forms of in vivo research.

in vivo research

This type of research approaches subject experimentation holistically. It is often better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on its living subject (see in vitro
In vitro

In vitro refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism. Some may argue that in vitro refers to a process that is created in a "test tube"; however, Robert Kail and John Cavanaugh on page 58 in the 4th edition of Human Development: A Life-Span View cite that in fact th...
 for its description and respective merits). In molecular biology 'in vivo' is often but incorrectly used to refer to experimentation done in live isolated cells rather than in a whole organism, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies. In this situation, the correct term is 'ex vivo'. Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as 'in vitro'.

According to Christopher Lipinski
Lipinski's Rule of Five

Lipinski's Rule of Five is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness, or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacology or biological activity has properties that would make it a likely oral activity drug in humans....
 and Andrew Hopkins, "Whether the aim is to discover drugs or to gain knowledge of biological systems, the nature and properties of a chemical tool cannot be considered independently of the system it is to be tested in. Compounds that bind to isolated recombinant proteins are one thing; chemical tools that can perturb cell function another; and pharmacological agents that can be tolerated by a live organism and perturb its systems are yet another. If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered in vitro to one that is active in vivo, drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing."

In the past, the guinea pig
Guinea pig

The guinea pig is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia. Despite their common name, these animals are not pigs, nor do they come from Guinea ....
 was such a commonly used in vivo experimental subject that they became part of idiomatic English: "to be a guinea pig for someone/something". However, they have largely been replaced by smaller, cheaper, and faster breeding rat
Rat

Rats are various medium sized, long-tailed rodents of the Family Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattus rattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus....
s and mice
Mouse

A mouse is a small animal that belongs to one of numerous species of rodents. The best known mouse species is the House Mouse . It is also a popular pet....
.

See also

  • animal testing
    Animal testing

    Animal testing / animal experimentation is the use of non-human animals in Experiment. It is estimated that 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals worldwide — from zebrafish to non-human primates — are used annually....
  • ex vivo
    Ex vivo

    Ex vivo means that which takes place outside an organism. In science, ex vivo refers to experimentation or measurements done in or on living tissue in an artificial environment outside the organism with the minimum alteration of the natural conditions....
  • in situ
    In situ

    In situ is a Latin phrase meaning in the place. It is used in many different contexts....
  • in utero
    In Utero

    In Utero is the third and final studio album by the American Grunge music band Nirvana , released on September 13, 1993 by DGC Records. Nirvana intended the record to be significantly divergent from the polished production of its previous album Nevermind ....
  • in vitro
    In vitro

    In vitro refers to the technique of performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism. Some may argue that in vitro refers to a process that is created in a "test tube"; however, Robert Kail and John Cavanaugh on page 58 in the 4th edition of Human Development: A Life-Span View cite that in fact th...
  • in silico
    In silico

    In silico is an expression used to mean "performed on computer or via computer simulation." The phrase is coined in analogy to the Latin language phrases in vivo and in vitro which are commonly used in biology and refer to experiments done in living organisms and outside of living organisms, respectively....
  • in papyro
    In papyro

    in papyro: referring to experiments or studies carried out only on paper. For example, the term may be applied to epidemiological studies that do not involve clinical subjects, such as meta-analysis....
  • in planta