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House Un American Activities Committee

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House Un-American Activities Committee



 
 
The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC or HCUA,
Some authors believe that "HUAC" was originally coined as a pejorative term, meant to suggest that the committee itself engaged in "un-American activities", but the abbreviation is used by most current authors without any pejorative sense.






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Huac
The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC or HCUA,
Some authors believe that "HUAC" was originally coined as a pejorative term, meant to suggest that the committee itself engaged in "un-American activities", but the abbreviation is used by most current authors without any pejorative sense. See:

When the unabbreviated name is used, it is usually given as "House Committee on Un-American Activities".


1934–1975) was an investigative committee
United States Congressional committee

A congressional committee is a legislative sub-organization in the United States Congress that handles a specific duty . Committee membership enables members to develop specialized knowledge of the matters under their jurisdiction....
 of the United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives, commonly referred to as "the House", is one of the bicameralism of the United States Congress; the other is the United States Senate....
. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security". When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.

The committee's anti-communist investigations are often confused with those of Senator Joseph McCarthy
Joseph McCarthy

Joseph Raymond McCarthy was an United States politician who served as a Republican Party United States Senate from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957....
. McCarthy, as a senator, had no direct involvement with this House committee, nor did he have anything to do with the infamous "blacklisting" of creative talent.

Special Committee on Un-American Activities (1934-1937)

From 1934 to 1937, the Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities, chaired by John W. McCormack and Samuel Dickstein
Samuel Dickstein (congressman)

Samuel Dickstein was a Democratic Party Congressional Representative from New York, and a New York State Supreme Court Justice. He played a key role in establishing the committee that would become the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which he used to attack fascists, including Nazi sympathizers, and suspected communists....
, held public and private hearings in six cities, questioned hundreds of witnesses and collected testimony filling 4,300 pages. Its mandate was to get "information on how foreign subversive propaganda entered the U.S. and the organizations that were spreading it."

The committee investigated and supported allegations of a fascist plot to seize the White House
White House

The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., it was built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the late Georgian architecture and has been the executive residence of every U.S....
, known as the Business Plot
Business Plot

The Business Plot was a Conspiracy alleged by retired United States Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, who testified to the McCormack-Dickstein United States Congressional committee that a group of men had approached him as part of a plot to overthrow United States President of the United States Franklin D....
. It was replaced with a similar committee that focused on pursuing communists. Its records are held by the National Archives and Records Administration
Nara

Nara can refer to:Geography* Nara, Attock, a village in Attock, Pakistan.* Nara, Jhelum, a village in Jhelum, Pakistan.* Nara, NWFP, Union Council of Abbottabad, Pakistan....
 as related records to HUAC.

Special investigation committee (1938–1944)


In May 1938, the House Committee on Un-American Activities was established as a special investigating committee. It was chaired by Martin Dies Jr. and Samuel Dickstein, and therefore known as the Dies Committee. Its work was aimed mostly at German American
German American

German Americans are citizens of the United States of Germans ancestry, with traditions and self-identity based on German language and culture....
 involvement in Nazi
Nazism

Nazism, officially National Socialism , refers to the ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Workers? Party under Adolf Hitler, and the policies adopted by the dictatorial government of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945....
 and Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan is the name of several past and present secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes....
 activity. As to investigations into the activities of the Klan, the committee actually did little. When the committee's chief counsel Ernest Adamson announced that "The committee has decided that it lacks sufficient data on which to base a probe," committee member John E. Rankin
John E. Rankin

John Elliott Rankin was a congressman from the U.S. State of Mississippi....
 added: "After all, the KKK is an old American institution." Instead of the Klan, HUAC concentrated on investigating the possibility that the American Communist Party had infiltrated the Works Progress Administration
Works Progress Administration

The Works Progress Administration was the largest New Deal agency, employing millions of people and affecting almost every locality in the United States, especially rural and western mountain populations....
, including the Federal Theatre Project
Federal Theatre Project

The Federal Theatre Project was a New Deal project to fund theatre and other live artistic performances in the United States during the Great Depression....
.

The Dies Committee also carried out a brief investigation into the wartime internment
Japanese American internment

Japanese American internment refers to the forcible relocation and internment of approximately 110,000 Japanese people and Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor....
 of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast. The investigation primarily concerned security at the camps, youth gangs allegedly operating in the camps, food supply questions, and releases of internees. With the exception of Rep. Herman Eberharter
Herman P. Eberharter

Herman Peter Eberharter was a Democratic Party member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania....
, the members of the committee seemed to support internment.

In 1938, Hallie Flanagan
Hallie Flanagan

Hallie Flanagan was an United States of America theatre Theatre producer and theatre director, playwright, author and director of the Federal Theatre Project, a part of the Works Progress Administration ....
, the head of the Federal Theatre Project
Federal Theatre Project

The Federal Theatre Project was a New Deal project to fund theatre and other live artistic performances in the United States during the Great Depression....
, was subpoenaed to appear before the committee to answer the charge that the project was overrun with communists
Communism

Communism is a socioeconomic structure and political ideology that promotes the establishment of an egalitarianism, classlessness, stateless society based on common ownership and control of the means of production and property in general....
. Flanagan was called to testify for only a part of one day, while a clerk from the project was called in for two entire days. It was during this investigation that one of the committee members, Joe Starnes
Joe Starnes

Joe Starnes was a United States House of Representatives from Alabama.Born in Guntersville, Alabama, Starnes attended the public schools.He taught school in Marshall County, Alabama from 1912 to 1917....
, famously asked Flanagan whether the Elizabethan playwright Christopher Marlowe
Christopher Marlowe

Christopher "Kit" Marlowe was an Kingdom of England Playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. The foremost English Renaissance theatre tragedy next to William Shakespeare, he is known for his blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own mysterious and untimely death....
 was a member of the Communist Party, and mused that "Mr. Euripides
Euripides

Euripides was the last of the three great tragedy of classical Athens . Ancient scholars thought that Euripides had written ninety-five plays, although four of those were probably written by Critias....
" preached class warfare
Class Warfare

Class Warfare is a book of interviews with Noam Chomsky conducted by David Barsamian. It was first published in the United Kingdom by Pluto Press in 1996....
.

In 1939, the committee investigated leaders of the American Youth Congress
American Youth Congress

American Youth Congress was an early youth voice organization composed of youth from all across the country to discuss the problems facing youth as a whole in the 1930s....
, a Comintern
Comintern

The 'Comintern' was an international Communism organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the Sta...
 affiliate organization.

Ironically, congressman Samuel Dickstein
Samuel Dickstein (congressman)

Samuel Dickstein was a Democratic Party Congressional Representative from New York, and a New York State Supreme Court Justice. He played a key role in establishing the committee that would become the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which he used to attack fascists, including Nazi sympathizers, and suspected communists....
, vice-chairman of the respective committees, was himself named in Soviet NKVD
NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
 documents as a Soviet agent.

Standing committee (1945-1975)

The House Committee on Un-American Activities became a standing (permanent) committee in 1945. Representative Edward J. Hart
Edward J. Hart

Edward Joseph Hart was an United States Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's New Jersey's 14th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1935-1955....
 of New Jersey became the committee's first chairman. Under the mandate of Public Law 601, passed by the 79th Congress, the committee of nine representatives investigated suspected threats of subversion or propaganda that attacked "the form of government guaranteed by our Constitution
United States Constitution

The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the United States. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority underlying the existence of the United States of America; the Federal Government of the United States; and all the State & local governments and Territorial Administrative bodies contained therein....
."

Under this mandate, the committee focused its investigations on real and suspected communists in positions of actual or supposed influence in American society. A significant step for HUAC was its investigation of the charges of espionage brought against Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss

Alger Hiss was a United States Department of State official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. He was accused of being a Soviet Union spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950....
 in 1948. This investigation ultimately resulted in Hiss's trial and conviction for perjury, and convinced many of the usefulness of congressional committees for uncovering communist subversion.

Hollywood blacklist

Mostel Huac
In 1947, the committee held nine days of hearings into alleged communist propaganda and influence in the Hollywood motion picture industry. After conviction on contempt of Congress
Contempt of Congress

Contempt of Congress is the act of obstructing the work of the United States United States Congress or one of its United States Congressional committee....
 charges for refusal to answer some questions posed by committee members, the "Hollywood Ten" were blacklist
Blacklist

A blacklist is a list or register of persons who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition....
ed by the industry. Eventually, more than 300 artists—including directors, radio commentators, actors and particularly screenwriters—were boycotted by the studios. Some, like Charlie Chaplin
Charlie Chaplin

Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr. Order of the British Empire , better known as Charlie Chaplin, was an Academy Award-winning England comedy film actor and filmmaker....
, left the U.S. to find work. Others wrote under pseudonym
Pseudonym

A pseudonym, , is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name. In some cases, pseudonyms are adopted because it is part of a cultural or organizational tradition, as in the case of Religious names used by members of some religious orders and "cadre names" used by Communist party leaders such as Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin....
s or the names of colleagues. Only about ten percent succeeded in rebuilding careers within the entertainment industry.

In 1947, studio executives told the committee that wartime films – such as Mission to Moscow
Mission to Moscow

Mission to Moscow is a 1943 in film drama directed by Michael Curtiz, and book of the same name by Ambassador Joseph E. Davies.The movie, starring Walter Huston, was made in response to a request by Franklin D....
, The North Star
The North Star (1943 film)

The North Star is a 1943 war film produced and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. It was directed by Lewis Milestone and written by Lillian Hellman....
, and Song of Russia
Song of Russia

Song of Russia is an American films of 1944 American war film made and distributed by MGM Studios. The picture was credited as being directed by Gregory Ratoff, though Ratoff collapsed near the end of the five-month production, and was replaced by L?szl? Benedek, who completed principal photography; the credited screenwriters were Paul Ja...
 – could be considered pro-Soviet propaganda, but claimed that the films were valuable in the context of the Allied war effort, and that they were made (in the case of Mission to Moscow) at the request of White House officials. In response to the House investigations, most studios produced a number of anti-communist and anti-Soviet propaganda films such as John Wayne
John Wayne

John Wayne was an Academy Award- and Golden Globe Award-winning United States film actor. He epitomized rugged masculinity and has become an enduring American icon....
's Big Jim McLain
Big Jim McLain

Big Jim McLain was a John Wayne film starring Wayne and James Arness as HUAC investigators hunting down communists in the post-war Hawaii organized labor scene....
, Guilty of Treason (about the ordeal and trial of Cardinal József Mindszenty), The Red Menace
The Red Menace (film)

The Red Menace was an anti-communist and anti-Soviet propaganda film about an ex-GI named Bill Jones, played by Robert Rockwell, who becomes involved with the Communist Party....
, The Red Danube
The Red Danube

The Red Danube is a 1949 in film drama film directed by George Sidney and starring Walter Pidgeon. It was nominated an Academy Award for Academy Award for Best Art Direction ....
, I Married a Communist
I Married a Communist (film)

I Married a Communist is a 1949 in film film drama produced by RKO Radio Pictures. Due to audiences being turned off by the title, RKO released the film again as The Woman on Pier 13 and Beautiful But Dangerous....
, Red Planet Mars
Red Planet Mars

Red Planet Mars is a 1952 science fiction film released by United Artists. It starred Peter Graves and Andrea King....
, and I Was a Communist for the FBI
I Was a Communist for the FBI

I Was a Communist for the FBI was the name of a series of stories written by Matt Cvetic that appeared in the Saturday Evening Post. The stories were later turned into a best-selling book, an United States espionage Thriller old time radio series and motion picture in the early 1950s....
, which was nominated for an Academy Award for the best documentary in 1951 and also serialized for radio. Universal-International Pictures was the only major studio that did not produce such a film.

Decline

In the wake of Senator McCarthy's downfall, the prestige of HUAC began a gradual decline beginning in the late 1950s. By 1959, the committee was being denounced by former President Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman

Harry S. Truman was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States . As the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States, he succeeded Franklin D....
 as the "most un-American thing in the country today."

In May 1960, the committee held hearings in San Francisco that led to the infamous "riot" at City Hall on May 13, 1960, when San Francisco police officers fire-hosed protesting students from UC Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley is a public university research university located in Berkeley, California, California, United States. The oldest of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley offers some 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines....
, Stanford
Stanford University

Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private university research university located in Stanford, California, California, United States....
, and other local colleges and dragged them down the marble steps beneath the rotunda, leaving some seriously injured. Soviet affairs expert William Mandel
William Mandel

William "Bill" Mandel is an American broadcast journalist, left-wing political activist and author, best known as a Soviet Union affairs analyst....
, who had been subpoenaed to testify, angrily denounced the committee and the police in a blistering statement
William Mandel

William "Bill" Mandel is an American broadcast journalist, left-wing political activist and author, best known as a Soviet Union affairs analyst....
 which was aired repeatedly for years thereafter on Pacifica Radio
Pacifica Radio

Pacifica Radio is the oldest public radio network in the United States. It is a network of over 100 affiliated stations and five independently operated, non-commercial, listener-supported radio stations in the United States that is known for its liberal and Progressivism in the United States#Contemporary progressivism political orientation....
 station KPFA
KPFA

KPFA is a listener-funded Progressivism in the United States talk radio and music radio station located in Berkeley, California, broadcasting to the San Francisco Bay Area....
 in Berkeley
Berkeley, California

Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. Its neighbors to the south are the cities of Oakland, California and Emeryville, California....
. An anti-communist propaganda film,
Operation Abolition, was produced by the committee from subpoenaed local news reports, and shown around the country during 1960 and 1961. In response, the Northern California ACLU produced a film called Operation Correction, which discussed falsehoods in the first film. Scenes from the hearings and protest were later featured in the award-winning 1990 documentary Berkeley in the '60s.

The committee lost considerable prestige as the 1960s progressed, increasingly becoming the target of political satirists and the defiance of a new generation of political activists. HUAC subpoenaed Jerry Rubin
Jerry Rubin

Jerry Rubin was a left-wing United States social activist during the 1960s and 1970s. He became a successful businessman in the 1980s....
 and Abbie Hoffman
Abbie Hoffman

Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman was a social and political activism in the United States who co-founded the Youth International Party . Later he became a fugitive from the law, living under an alias and working as an enviromentalist following a conviction for dealing cocaine....
 of the Yippies
Youth International Party

The Youth International Party, whose members were commonly called Yippies, was a highly theatrical and anti-authoritarian political party established in the United States in 1967....
 in 1967, and again in the aftermath of the 1968 Democratic National Convention
1968 Democratic National Convention

The 1968 Democratic National Convention of the USA Democratic Party was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, from August 26 to August 29, 1968....
. The Yippies used the media attention to make a mockery of the proceedings. Rubin came to one session dressed as an American Revolutionary War
American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War , also known as the American War of Independence, began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and Thirteen Colonies on the North America, and ended in a global war between several European great powers....
 soldier and passed out copies of the United States Declaration of Independence
United States Declaration of Independence

The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the Thirteen Colonies then at war with Kingdom of Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire....
 to people in attendance. Rubin then "blew giant gum bubbles while his co-witnesses taunted the committee with Nazi salutes." Hoffman attended a session dressed as Santa Claus
Santa Claus

Santa Claus is a folklore figure in various cultures who distributes gifts to children, normally on Christmas Eve. Each name is a variation of Saint Nicholas, but refers to Santa Claus....
. On another occasion, police stopped Hoffman at the building entrance and arrested him for wearing an American flag. Hoffman quipped to the press, "I regret that I have but one shirt to give for my country," paraphrasing the last words of revolutionary patriot Nathan Hale
Nathan Hale

Nathan Hale was an officer for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Widely considered America's first spy, he volunteered for an intelligence-gathering mission, but was captured by the British....
; Rubin, who was wearing a matching Viet Cong flag, shouted that the police were communists for not arresting him also.

According to
The Harvard Crimson
The Harvard Crimson

The Harvard Crimson, the daily student newspaper of Harvard University, was founded in 1873. It is the only daily newspaper in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is run entirely by Harvard College undergraduates....
:

Notable members


During the various phases of its existence, the committee was chaired by:
  • John W. McCormack, chairman 1934-1937 (Special Committee on Un-American Activities)
    • Samuel Dickstein
      Samuel Dickstein (congressman)

      Samuel Dickstein was a Democratic Party Congressional Representative from New York, and a New York State Supreme Court Justice. He played a key role in establishing the committee that would become the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which he used to attack fascists, including Nazi sympathizers, and suspected communists....
      , vice-chairman 1934-1937 (Special Committee on Un-American Activities)
  • Martin Dies Jr., 1938–1944 (special investigation committee)
    • Samuel Dickstein
      Samuel Dickstein (congressman)

      Samuel Dickstein was a Democratic Party Congressional Representative from New York, and a New York State Supreme Court Justice. He played a key role in establishing the committee that would become the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which he used to attack fascists, including Nazi sympathizers, and suspected communists....
      , vice-chairman 1938-1944 (special investigation committee)
  • Edward J. Hart
    Edward J. Hart

    Edward Joseph Hart was an United States Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's New Jersey's 14th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1935-1955....
    , chairman 1945-1946 (House Committee on Un-American Activities)
  • John Parnell Thomas, chairman 1947–1948 (House Committee on Un-American Activities)
  • John Stephens Wood
    John Stephens Wood

    John Stephens Wood was an United States of America politician from the United States state of Georgia . He served in the United States House of Representatives, 1931-1935 and 1945-1953....
    , chairman 1949–1953 (House Committee on Un-American Activities)
  • Harold Himmel Velde
    Harold Himmel Velde

    Harold Himmel Velde was a United States of America political figure.Velde was born near Parkland, Illinois, Tazewell County, Illinois. He graduated from Northwestern University in 1931 and studied law at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign....
    , chairman 1953–1955 (House Committee on Un-American Activities)
  • Francis Walter, chairman 1955–1965 (House Committee on Un-American Activities)
  • Edwin Edward Willis, chairman 1965–1969 (House Committee on Un-American Activities)
  • Richard Howard Ichord Jr.
    Richard Howard Ichord Jr.

    Richard Howard Ichord Jr. was a significant United States of America anti-Communist political figure. A member of theDemocratic Party , he served as the last chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee between 1969 and 1975 ....
    , chairman 1969–1975 (House Committee on Internal Security)


Other notable members included:
  • Richard Nixon
    Richard Nixon

    Richard Milhous Nixon was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States and the only president to resign the office....
  • Gordon H. Scherer
    Gordon H. Scherer

    Gordon Harry Scherer was an United States of America politician of the United States Republican Party who served as a United States House of Representatives from Ohio from 1953 to 1963....
  • Karl Earl Mundt
    Karl Earl Mundt

    Karl Earl Mundt was an United States of America educator and a Republican Party member of the United States Congress, representing South Dakota in the United States House of Representatives from 1938 to 1948 and in the United States Senate from 1948 to 1973....
  • Felix Edward Hébert
    Felix Edward Hébert

    Felix Edward H?bert , known as F. Edward H?bert, was the longest-serving member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Louisiana, having represented the New Orleans-based First Congressional District as a Democratic Party from 1941 until his retirement in 1977....
  • John Elliott Rankin
  • Richard B. Vail
    Richard B. Vail

    Richard Bernard Vail was a United States House of Representatives from Illinois.Born in Chicago, Illinois, Vail attended the public schools, the School of Commerce, the Chicago Technical College, and the John Marshall Law School....
  • Donald L. Jackson
    Donald L. Jackson

    Donald Lester Jackson was a United States House of Representatives from California.Born in Ipswich, South Dakota, Edmunds County, South Dakota, South Dakota, Jackson attended the public schools of South Dakota and California....
  • Jerry Voorhis
    Jerry Voorhis

    Horace Jeremiah "Jerry" Voorhis was a Democratic Party politician from California. He served five terms in the United States House of Representatives, representing the 12th Congressional district in Los Angeles County, California from 1937 to 1947....


The members during the 1947 Hollywood Ten hearings were Parnell (NJ), Nixon (CA), Vail (IL), John McDowell (PA), and John S Wood (GA). Robert E Stripling was the Chief Investigator and appears on many recordings and transcripts of those hearings.

See also

  • Cold War
    Cold War

    The Cold War was the continuing state of conflict, tension and competition that existed between a number of world powers, including the United States, the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, France, United Kingdom and those countries' respective allies from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s....
  • Elia Kazan
    Elia Kazan

    Elia Kazan, September 7 1909 – September 28 2003, was an United States award-winning film director and Theatre direction, film producer and theatrical producer, screenwriter, novelist and co-founder of the influential Actors Studio in New York in 1947....
  • Film gris
    Film gris

    Film gris, a term coined by Thom Andersen, is a type of film noir which categorizes a unique series of films that were released between 1947 and 1951....
  • J. Edgar Hoover
    J. Edgar Hoover

    John Edgar Hoover , generally known as J. Edgar Hoover, was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the United States....
  • Loyalty oath
    Loyalty oath

    A loyalty oath is an oath of loyalty to an organization, institution, or state of which an individual is a member.In this context, a loyalty oath is not a pledge or oath of allegiance....
  • Paul Robeson
    Paul Robeson

    Paul LeRoy Bustill Robeson was an American actor of film and stage, All-American and professional sportsperson, writer, multi-lingual orator, lawyer, and basso profondo concert singer who was also noted for his wide-ranging social justice activism....
  • Redbaiting
  • Wilkinson v. United States
    Wilkinson v. United States

    Wilkinson v. United States was a court case during the McCarthy Era in which the petitioner, Frank Wilkinson, an administrator with the Los Angeles Public Housing Authority, challenged his conviction under 2 U.S.C....
  • Zero Mostel
    Zero Mostel

    Samuel Joel ?Zero? Mostel was an United States actor of theatre and film, best known for his portrayal of comic characters such as Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof, Pseudolus in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, and Max Bialystock in The Producers ....
  • Bertolt Brecht
    Bertolt Brecht

    was a Germany poet, playwright, and theatre director. An influential theatre practitioner of the Twentieth-century theatre, Brecht made equally significant contributions to dramaturgy and Theatre, the latter particularly through the seismic impact of the tours undertaken by the Berliner Ensemble?the post-war theatre company operated by Brec...


Further reading



External links

  • Subversive Activities Control Board (SACB)
  • Time Magazine
  • Bogart, Humphrey.