Horten H.III - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The Horten H.III was a flying wing sailplane built by Walter and Reimar Horten in Germany from 1937 to 1944.

Design

The H.III series was a incremental development of the Horten H.II with reduced sweepback of 23^o, span increased to 20 m (65 ft 7in) and modified lateral controls. The wing trailing edges had three movable surfaces; the innermost was a landing flap, but the outer pair were geared differential elevons with the outer elevon having a large upward deflection and only slight downward movement, conversely, the inner elevon had large downward movement and slight upward movement.

This arrangement reduced unfavourable yawing moments due to aileron by making use of differential aileron movement, but avoided the change in longitudinal trim by the opposing differential of the inner flap pair. In high speed flight the nose down trim was provided mainly by the inner elevon section moving downwards, the outer flap deflecting only slightly; this had the advantage of relieving the tips of torsional loads at high speed. Drag rudders, similar to airbrakes fitted in modern gliders, were fitted near the wingtips, providing yaw control similar to those used in the H.II.

The first two H IIIs, a IIIa and a IIIc (w/n 10 & 11) were built in workshops at Cologne

Cologne

Cologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the Germany Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants.Cologne is located on both sides of the...

in 1938.
Subsequent H.IIIs were built at various locations including Peschke Flugzeugban in Berlin, Furth

Furth

Furth is the name of several communes in Germany and Austria*Furth im Wald, Bavaria*Furth, Lower Bavaria, Bavaria*Furth an der Triesting, Lower Austria*Furth bei Göttweig, Lower Austria...

, Giebelstadt

Giebelstadt

Giebelstadt is a municipality in the district of Würzburg in Bavaria in Germany.History of GiebelstadtThe town is the birthplace of Florian Geyer , also known as "Florian Geier from Giebelstadt", a Franconian nobleman who led the Black Company during the Peasants War resulting from the Protestant...

, Minden

Minden

Minden is a town of about 83,000 inhabitants in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The town extends along both sides of the river Weser. It is the capital of the Kreis of Minden-Lübbecke, which is part of the region of Detmold. Minden is the historic political centre of the...

, Bonn

Bonn

Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located in the Cologne/Bonn Region, about 25 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was the capital of West Germany from 1949 to 1990 and the official seat of government of united Germany from 1990 to 1999....

and Göttingen

Göttingen

Göttingen is a university town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Göttingen. The Leine river runs through the town. In 2006 the population was 129,686.-General information:...

. Built specifically for the 1938 Rhön competitions the H.IIIa was found to have unsatisfactory turning performance, so the H.IIIc, to be flown by Werner Blech, was modified with a canard surface mounted above and in front of the cockpit to assist with pitch control at low speeds.

Aerodynamic balance for control surfaces was by geared tab on the IIIa and b, but on IIId, f, and g the outer flap had a 20% Frise nose which also countered adverse yaw: out-of-balance aerodynamic loads on the elevators were trimmed by a rubber bungee trimmer with the trim datum set by the pilot.

Operational history

The H.III was designed to compete at the 1938 Rhön Gliding Competitions at the Wasserkuppe

Wasserkuppe

The Wasserkuppe is a high plateau , the highest peak in the Rhön Mountains within the German state of Hessen. Between the first and second World Wars, during the era of the so-called Golden Age of Aviation, great advances in sailplane development were made there.Remark: The German wording takes its...

and two aircraft were available at the start of the competition, to be flown by Heinz Scheidhauer and Werner Blech. As the competition progressed the two H.IIIs were achieving reasonable results with Blech leading over Scheidhauer. Near the end of the competition the weather deteriorated with cumulonimbus clouds and rain showers. Blech recognised that he could win the competition outright with a high altitude flight in one of the clouds.

Blech warned the other pilots not to follow him into the same cloud and took an aero-tow from Walter Horten in their Focke-Wulf Fw 56

Focke-Wulf Fw 56

-See also:-External links:* http://aviationtrivia.info/Focke-Wulf-FW-56-Stosser.php* http://www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org/LRG/fw56.html* http://www.luftfahrtmuseum.com/htmi/itf/fw56.htm...

glider tug. After entering the cloud, several other pilots ignored Blechs warning, including Scheidhauer, and followed him into the large thundercloud. Several less adventurous pilots left the cloud almost immediately, but Scheidhauer's H.IIIa was severely damaged by hail and was seen fluttering to the ground closely followed by Scheidhauer hanging unconscious from his parachute, suffering from severe frostbite.

Blech was not so fortunate; his glider was later seen fluttering to the ground without its canopy and trailing a parachute bag, but a search of the wreckage found no trace of Blech, whose ice-coated body was soon found on the Wasserkuppe. When the barometer carried by the H.IIIc was checked the needle had left the trace area at 8,000 meters (26,250 ft), the limit of the barometer's range, meaning the aircraft had exceeded this altitude. Examination of Blech's body revealed a broken nose and neck, pointing to a collision with either his own aircraft, or another, after he had abandoned the H.IIIc. Scheidhauer recovered in hospital over the next six months losing two fingers of his right hand to frostbite.

Sponsored by the Luftwaffe

Luftwaffe

Luftwaffe is a generic German term for an air force. It is also the official name for two of the four historic German air forces, the Wehrmacht air arm founded in 1935 and disbanded in 1946; and the current Bundeswehr air arm founded in 1956....

, Walter and Reimar had four H.III gliders ready to fly in the 1939 Rhön competition, piloted by Heinz Scheidhauer, Geitner and Flakowsky representing the Luftwaffe and Gotthold Peter representing the DVL. For various reasons the H.IIIs had a lacklustre showing, with a best placing of twenty-second by Scheidhauer, (partly due to his retrieve crew having been detained by customs for four days at the Czechoslovak border, on return from a competition flight). Geitner came last due to his persistent partying at the local hostelries and subsequent lack of fitness for competition flying. All four pilots understandably bemoaned the lack of practice in flying the H.III before the competition.

At least one H.IIIb was converted as an ammunition carrier, with bays in the wings designed to house pallets loaded with ammunition, for supplying outlying army posts, but it is unclear if this aircraft carried out operational flights. Training for flying wing pilots was also carried out using two-seater H.IIIg's. Other H.IIIs carried out research into control systems.

Survivors

The centre section of the H.IIIh, (werknummer 31) built at Göttingen

Göttingen

in 1944, is preserved at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. The glider was captured by the British Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee in 1945 at Rottweil

Rottweil

Rottweil is a town in the south west of Germany and is the oldest town in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg.Located between the Black Forest and the Swabian Alb hills, Rottweil has about 25,000 inhabitants...

,moved to Freman Field in America, by 1946 and transferred to Northrop Corporation

Northrop Corporation

Northrop Corporation was a leading United States aircraft manufacturer from its formation in 1939 until its merger with Grumman to form Northrop Grumman in 1994. The company is known for its development of the flying wing design, although only a few of these have entered service.-History:Jack...

at Hawthorne, California

Hawthorne, California

Hawthorne is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California. The city at the 2010 census had a population of 84,293, up from 84,112 at the 2000 census.-Geography:...

along with a Horten H.IIIf and the Horten VI V2

Horten Ho VI

The Horten Ho VI was a flying wing aircraft designed by the Horten brothers during World War II.It was designed in 1943/44, based on the Horten Ho IV. The Horten Ho VI was an enlarged version of the Ho IV...

in 1947.

Variants

Horten H.IIIa

Original version, flown by Heinz Scheidhauer in the 1938 Rhön Gliding Competition. Scheidhauer enterred a cumulonimbus cloud during a competition altitude flight and was next seen descending by parachute, presently followed by the hail shattered remains of his H.IIIa. Scheidhauer was suffering from frostbite and lost several fingers.

Horten H.IIIb

Similar to the H.IIIa, but with outer elevon not extending to the wing tip. Selected for production, nine were completed by 1941.

Horten H.IIIc

Identical to the H.IIIa, but with a canard surface mounted above and in front of the cockpit. One H.IIIc was built, to be flown by Werner Blech at the 1938 Rhön contest. The intention of the canard surface was to improve CL_max, but actual results were inconclusive. Blech flew the H.IIIc well and was leading Scheidhauer in the competition. On the same day as Scheidhauer's disastrous flight, Blech entered the same cloud as Scheidhauer after telling other pilots not to enter it after him. Blech's H.IIIc was next seen fluttering slowly to the ground without a canopy and trailing Blech's parachute bag. Blech's ice-covered body was discovered later on a rocky outcrop of the Wasserkuppe.

Horten H.IIId

A motorglider version of the H.III was produced by attaching standard H.IIIb wings to a special centre section housing the cockpit and a 32hp Volkswagen engine driving a folding propeller.

Performance as a powered aircraft included:-

Ground run 70 meters
Rate of climb 2 m/s.
Cruising speed 110 km/h
Max. speed 130 km/h

Horten H.IIIe

H III glider with variable sweep and dihedral of the outer wing panels for research into control systems.

Horten H.IIIf

A H.IIIb built with a prone-position cockpit and modified control systems. Three built.

Horten H.IIIg

Special two-seater centre section with tandem seats for training purposes. Four aircraft were built with one being converted to the sole H.IIIh.

Horten H.IIIh

A single H.IIIg modified with the a second cockpit filled with test equipment, survived the war with the remains held by the Smithsonian Museum.

Specifications (Horton H.IIIa)

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.