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French Riviera
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The Côte d'Azur (), often known in English as the French Riviera, is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeastern corner of France, extending from Menton near the Italian border on the east to either Hyères or Cassis in the west.
The Côte d'Azur was one of the first resort areas in the world.
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The Côte d'Azur (), often known in English as the French Riviera, is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeastern corner of France, extending from Menton near the Italian border on the east to either Hyères or Cassis in the west.
The Côte d'Azur was one of the first resort areas in the world. It began as a health resort for ailing British tourists at the end of the 18th century. With the arrival of the railroad in the mid-19th century, it became the playground and vacation spot of British, Russian, and other aristocrats, such as Queen Victoria and King Edward VII, when he was Prince of Wales. In the first half of the 20th century it was frequented by artists and writers such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Edith Wharton and Somerset Maugham, as well as wealthy Americans and Europeans. After World War II it became a popular destination for mass tourism and conventions, as well as a summer home and meeting place for celebrities from Brigitte Bardot to Elton John.
Its largest city and administrative center is Nice (population 350,000); it also contains the seaside resorts of Monaco, Cannes, Antibes, Juan-les-Pins, Saint-Raphaël, and Saint-Tropez, with a total population of over 2m. It is also home to an important research and technology center at the University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis.
Etymology
Origins of the name Côte d'Azur
The name was given to the coast by the writer Stéphen Liégeard in his book, La Côte d’azur, published in 1888. Liégeard was born in Dijon, in the French department of Côte-d'Or, and adapted that name by substituting the azure blue color of the Mediterranean.
Origins of the name French Riviera
The French Riviera took its name from the Italian Riviera, which extends to the east of the French border as far as La Spezia. As early as the 19th century, the British referred to the region as the Riviera or the French Riviera, usually referring to the eastern part of the coast, between Monaco and the Italian border. Riviera is an Italian term - the Occitan (Niçard and Provençal) word is Ribiera. In French, the term Rivière de Gênes was used to refer to the Italian Riviera around Genoa.
Disputes over the extent of the Riviera and the Côte d'Azur
The unofficial boundaries of the Côte d'Azur and French Riviera have changed over time, and the western boundary has been variously described as the edge of the Alpes-Maritimes department, Hyeres in the Var department, or Cassis in the Bouches du Rhone department.
Developing awareness and popular experience of the area during the 20th century led to the concept that the French Riviera was identical to the Côte d'Azur, which was a description in a popular 1887 French publication for the coastline running between Hyères and Menton. The meaning of the French words is different, and the coastline referred to more extensive, but nonetheless the place concerned served a similar social purpose. As a result, French Riviera became interchangeable and in practice the broad meaning is the same, although for certain academics the precise meaning of each term is debatable. However, the impact of popular usage has undoubtedly prevailed and academic interpretations have little influence.
History
From prehistory to the Bronze Age
The Côte d'Azur has been inhabited since prehistoric times. A paleolithic site of a nomadic people dating to 950,000 B.C. was discovered in the cave of Vallonet, near Roquebrune-Cap Martin, with stones and bones of animals, including bovines, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus. Other sites were found at the cave of L'Escale, near Saint-Estève Janson (600,000 B.C.), and at Terra Amata (400,000 BC), where a fireplace was discovered, one of the oldest in Europe.
Stone dolmens, monuments from the bronze age, can be found near Draguignan. The Valley of Marvels (Vallée des Merveilles) near Mount Bégo, at 2000m altitude, was apparently an outdoor religious sanctuary, having over 40,000 drawings of people and animals.
Greek influence
Beginning in the 7th century B.C., Greek sailors from Asia Minor began to visit and then build trading posts (emporia) along the Côte d'Azur. Emporia were started at Olbia (Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre, near Hyères); Antipolis (Antibes) and Nicoea (Nice). These settlements, which traded with the inhabitants of the interior, became rivals of the Etruscans and Phoenicians, who also visited the Côte d'Azur.
Roman colonization
In 8 B.C., the Emperor Augustus built an imposing trophy monument at La Turbie to mark the pacification of the region. Roman towns, monuments and amphitheaters were built along the Côte d'Azur and many still survive, such as the amphitheater at Cimiez, above Nice, and the amphitheater and Roman walls at Fréjus.
Barbarians and Christians
Roman Provence reached the height of its power and prosperity during the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. In the mid-3rd century, Germanic peoples began to invade the region, and Roman power weakened.
In the same period, Christianity started to become a powerful force in the region. The first cathedrals were built in the 4th century, and bishoprics were established in Fréjus at the end of the 4th century; Cimiez and Vence in 439 A.D.; and Antibes in 442 A.D. The oldest Christian structure still in existence on the Côte d'Azur is the baptistery of Fréjus Cathedral, built at the end of the 5th century, which also saw the founding of the first monastery in the region, Lerins Monastery on an island off the coast at Cannes.
The fall of the Western Roman Empire in the first half of the 5th century was followed by invasions of Provence by the Visigoths, the Burgundians and the Ostrogoths. There was then a long period of wars and dynastic quarrels, which in turn led to further invasions by the Saracens and the Normans in the 9th century.
The Counts of Provence and the House of Grimaldi
Some peace was restored to the coast by the establishment in 879 of a new kingdom of Provence, ruled first by the Bosonide dynasty (879-1112), then by the Catalans (1112-1246), and finally by the Angevins (1246-1483).
In the 13th century, another powerful political force appeared, the House of Grimaldi. Descended from a Genoese nobleman expelled from Genoa by his rivals in 1271, members of the different branches of the Grimaldis took power in Monaco, Antibes and Nice, and built castles at Grimaud, Cagnes-sur-Mer and Antibes. The present Prince of Monaco is a descendant of the Grimaldis.
In 1388, the city of Nice and its surrounding territory, from the mouth of the Var to the Italian border, were separated from Provence and came under the protection of the House of Savoy. The territory was called the Comté de Nice after 1526, and thereafter had a separate language, history and culture from Provence until 1860, when it was re-attached to France under Napoleon III.
Provence retained its formal independence until 1480, when the last Comte de Provence, René I of Naples, died and left the Comté to his nephew, Charles du Maine, who in turn left it to Louis XI of France. In 1486, Provence formally became part of France.
Popular with the British upper class in 18th and 19th centuries
Until the end of the 18th century, the Côte d'Azur was a remote and impoverished region, known mostly for fishing, olive groves and the production of perfume. A new phase began when the coast became a fashionable health resort for the British upper class in the late 18th century. The first British traveler to describe its benefits was the novelist Tobias Smollett, who visited Nice in 1763, when it was still an Italian city within the Kingdom of Sardinia. Smollett brought Nice and its warm winter climate to the attention of the British aristocracy with Travels through France and Italy, written in 1765. At about the same time, a Scottish doctor, John Brown, became famous for prescribing what he called climato-therapy, a change in climate, to cure a variety of diseases including tuberculosis, known then as consumption. The French historian Paul Gonnet wrote that as a result, Nice was filled with "a colony of pale and listless English women and listless sons of nobility near death."
In 1834, a British nobleman and politician named Henry Peter Brougham, First Baron Brougham and Vaux, who had played an important part in the abolition of the slave trade, traveled with an unwell sister to the south of France, intending to go to Italy. A cholera epidemic in Italy forced him to stop at Cannes, where he enjoyed the climate and scenery so much that he bought land and built a villa. He began to spend his winters there, and owing to his fame others followed, and Cannes soon acquired a small British enclave.
Robert Louis Stevenson was another early British visitor who came for his health. In 1882 he rented a villa called La Solitude at Hyères, where he wrote much of A Child's Garden of Verses.
Railway, gambling, and royalty in the 19th century
In 1864, five years after Nice became part of France, the first railway was completed, making Nice and the Riviera accessible to visitors from all over Europe. One hundred thousand visitors arrived in 1865. By 1874, residents of foreign enclaves in Nice, most of whom were British, numbered 25,000.
In the mid-19th century British and French entrepreneurs began to see the potential of promoting tourism along the Côte d'Azur. At the time, gambling was illegal in France and Italy. In 1856, the Prince of Monaco, Charles III, began constructing a casino in Monaco, which was called a health spa to avoid criticism by the church. The casino was a failure, but in 1863 the Prince signed an agreement with Francois Blanc, a French businessman already operating a successful casino at Baden-Baden, to build a resort and new casino. Blanc arranged for steamships and carriages to take visitors from Nice to Monaco, and built hotels, gardens and a casino in a place called Speluges. At the suggestion of his mother, Princess Caroline, Charles III renamed the place Monte Carlo, after himself. When the railway reached Monte Carlo in 1870, many thousands of visitors began to arrive, and the population of the principality of Monaco doubled.
The French Riviera soon became a popular destination for European royalty. Just days after the railway reached Nice in 1864, Czar Alexander II of Russia visited on a private train, followed soon afterwards by Napoleon III and then Leopold II, the King of the Belgians.
Queen Victoria was a frequent visitor. In 1882 she stayed in Menton, and in 1891 spent several weeks at the Grand Hotel at Grasse. In 1892 she stayed at the Hotel Cost-belle in Hyères. In successive years from 1895 to 1899 she patronised the Hotel Regina at Cimiez in the hills above Nice, which later became the home of the renowned artist Henri Matisse. She traveled with an entourage of between sixty and a hundred, including chef, ladies in waiting, dentist, Indian servants, her own bed and her own food.
The Prince of Wales was a regular visitor to Cannes, starting in 1872. He frequented the Club Nautique, a private club on La Croisette, the fashionable seafront boulevard of Cannes. He visited there each spring for a three-week period, observing yacht races from shore while the royal yacht, Britannia, was sailed by professional crewmen. After he became King in 1901, he never again visited the French Riviera.
By the end of the 19th century the Côte d'Azur began to attract artistic painters, who appreciated the climate, the bright colors and clear light. Among them were Auguste Renoir, who settled in Cagnes-sur-Mer, Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso.
Inter-war period, American visitors and decline of the aristocracy
The First World War brought down many of the royal houses of Europe, and altered the nature and the calendar of the French Riviera. Following the war, greater numbers of Americans began arriving, with business moguls and celebrities eventually outnumbering aristocrats. The 'High Society' scene moved from a winter season to a summer season.
Americans had begun coming to the south of France in the 19th century. Henry James set part of his novel, The Ambassadors, on the Riviera. James Gordon Bennett, the son and heir of the founder of the New York Herald, had a villa in Beaulieu. Industrialist John Pierpont Morgan gambled at Monte Carlo, and bought 18th century paintings by Fragonard in Grasse - shipping them to the Metropolitan Museum in New York.
A feature of the French Riviera in the inter-war years was the Train Bleu, an all first-class sleeper train which brought wealthy passengers down from Calais. It made its first trip in 1922, and carried Winston Churchill, Somerset Maugham, and the future King Edward VIII.
While Europe was still recovering from the war and the American dollar was strong, American writers and artists started arriving on the Côte d'Azur. Edith Wharton wrote The Age of Innocence (1920) at a villa near Hyères: winning the Pulitzer Prize for the novel, the first woman to do so. Dancer Isadora Duncan frequented Cannes and Nice, but died in 1927 when her scarf caught in the wheel of the car in which she was a passenger and strangled her. The writer F. Scott Fitzgerald first visited with his wife Zelda in 1924, stopping at Hyères, Cannes and Monte Carlo - eventually staying at Saint-Raphaël, where he wrote much of The Great Gatsby and began Tender is the Night.
While Americans were largely responsible for making summer the high season, a French fashion designer, Coco Chanel, made sunbathing fashionable. She acquired a striking tan during the summer of 1923, and tans then became the fashion in Paris.
During the abdication crisis of the British Monarchy in 1936, Wallis Simpson, the intended bride of King Edward VIII, was staying at the Villa Lou Vieie in Cannes, talking with the King by telephone each day. After his abdication, the Duke of Windsor, as he became, and his new wife stayed at the Villa La Croe near Antibes.
The English playright and novelist Somerset Maugham also became a resident in 1926, buying the Villa Mauresque toward the tip of Cap Ferrat, near Nice.
The Second World War
When Germany invaded France in June 1940, the remaining British colony was evacuated to Gibraltar and eventually to Britain. American Jewish groups helped some of the Jewish artists living in the south of France, such as Marc Chagall, to escape to the United States. In August 1942, 600 Jews from Nice were rounded up by French police and sent to Drancy, and eventually to death camps. In all about 5,000 French Jews from Nice perished during the war.
On August 15, 1944, American parachute troops landed near Fréjus, and a fleet landed 60,000 troops of the American Seventh Army and French First Army between Cavalaire and Agay, east of Saint-Raphaël. German resistance crumbled in days.
Saint-Tropez was badly damaged by German mines at the time of the liberation. The novelist Colette organized an effort to assure the town was rebuilt in its original style.
When the war ended, artists Marc Chagall and Pablo Picasso returned to live and work.
Postwar period and late 20th century
The Cannes Film Festival was launched in September 1946, marking the return of French cinema to world screens. The Festival Palace was built in 1949 on the site of the old Cercle Nautique, where the Prince of Wales had met his mistresses. The release of the French film Et Dieu… créa la femme (And God Created Woman) in November 1956 was a major event for the Riviera, making an international star of Brigitte Bardot, and making an international tourist destination of Saint-Tropez, particularly for the new class of wealthy international travelers called the 'jet set.'
The marriage of American film actress Grace Kelly to Prince Rainier of Monaco on April 18, 1956, attracted world attention once again. It was viewed on television by 30 million people.
During the 1960s, the Mayor of Nice, Jacques Médecin, decided to reduce the dependence of the Riviera on ordinary tourism, and to make it a destination for international congresses and conventions. He built the Palais des Congrès at Acropolis, and founded a Chagall Museum and a Matisse Museum at Cimiez. High-rise apartment buildings and real estate developments began to spread.
At the end of August, 1997, Princess Diana and Dodi Fayed spent their last days together on his father's yacht off Pampelonne Beach near Saint-Tropez, shortly before they were killed in a traffic accident in the Alma Tunnel in Paris.
Geography
Places
Places on the Cote d'Azur, from west to east, include:
Climate
The Côte d'Azur has a Mediterranean climate, with sunny, hot, dry summers and mild winters. Winter temperatures are moderated by the Mediterranean; days of frost are rare, and in summer the maximum rarely exceeds 30º. Micro-climates exist in these coastal regions, and there can be great differences in the weather between various locations. Strong winds, such as the Mistral, a cold dry wind from the northwest or from the east, are another characteristic, particularly in the winter.
Nice and the Alpes-Maritimes
Nice and the Alpes-Maritimes département are sheltered by the Alps, and are the most protected part of the Mediterranean coast. The winds are usually gentle, from the sea to the land, though sometimes the Mistral blows strongly from the north-west, or, turned by the mountains, from the east. In 1956 a Mistral from the north-west reached 180kmh at Nice airport. Sometimes in summer the Sirocco brings high temperatures and reddish desert sand from Africa. (See Winds of Provence.)
Rain is rare but can be torrential, particularly in September, when storms and rain are caused by the difference between the colder air inland and the warm Mediterranean water temperature (20°C-24°C). The average annual rainfall in Nice is 767mm, more than in Paris, though it rains an average of just 63 days a year.
Snow is rare, falling once every ten years. 1956 was exceptional, when 20cm blanketed the coast. In January 1985 the coast between Cannes and Menton received 30 to 40cm. In the mountains, snow is present from November to May.
Nice has an average of 2694 hours of sunshine, about 61% of the annual possible sunshine. The average maximum daily temperature in Nice in August is 28°C, while the average minimum daily temperature in January is 6°C.
The Var
The département of the Var (which includes St. Tropez and Hyères) has a climate slightly warmer, dryer and sunnier than Nice and the Alpes-Maritimes, but less sheltered from the wind.
The Mistral wind, which brings cold and dry air down from the upper Alpine regions via the Rhône Valley, and extends with diminishing intensity along the Côte d'Azur, blows frequently during the winter. Strong winds blow for about seventy-five days a year in Fréjus.
Events and festivals
Several major events take place:
- Monaco; International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo, January / February
- Nice; Carnival, February
- Menton; Lemon Festival, February
- Tourrettes-sur-Loup; Violet Festival, March
- Monaco; Grand Prix Formula One race, May
- Grasse; Rose Festival, May
- Cannes; International Film Festival, May
- Nice; Jazz Festival, July
- Juan-les-Pins; Jazz Festival, late July.
- Grasse; Jasmine Festival, August
Painters
The climate and vivid colours of the Mediterranean attracted many famous artists during the 19th and 20th centuries. They included:
- Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947); retired to and died at Le Cannet.
- Georges Braque (1882-1963); painted frequently at L'Estaque between 1907 and 1910.
- Roger Broders (1883-1953); Parisian travel poster illustrator.
- Paul Cézanne (1839-1906); a native of Aix-en-Provence, Cézanne painted at L'Estaque between 1878 and 1882.
- Henri-Edmond Cross (1856-1910); discovered the Côte d'Azur in 1883, and painted at Monaco and Hyères.
- Maurice Denis (1870-1943); painted at St. Tropez and Bandol.
- André Derain (1880-1954); painted at L'Estaque and Martigues.
- Raoul Dufy (1877-1953); whose wife was from Nice, painted in Marseille and Martigues.
- Albert Marquet (1873-1947); painted at Marseille, St. Tropez and L'Estaque.
- Henri Matisse (1869-1954); first visited St. Tropez in 1904. In 1917 he settled in Nice, first at the Hôtel Beau Rivage, then at the Hôtel de la Méditerranée, then at la Villa des Alliés in Cimiez. In 1921 he lived in an apartment in Nice, next to the flower market and overlooking the sea, where he lived until 1938. He then moved to the Hôtel Régina in the hills of Cimiez, above Nice. During World War II he lived in Vence, then returned to Cimiez, where he died and is buried.
- Claude Monet (1840-1927); visited Menton, Bordighera, Juan-les-Pins, Monte Carlo, Nice, Cannes, Beaulieu and Villefranche, and painted a number of seascapes of Cap Martin, near Menton, and at Cap d'Antibes.
- Edvard Munch (1863-1944); visited and painted in Nice and Monte Carlo (where he developed a passion for gambling), and rented a villa at Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat in 1891.
- Pablo Picasso (1881-1973); spent each summer from 1919 to 1939 on the Côte d'Azur, and moved there permanently in 1946, first at Vallauris, then at Mougins, where he spent his last years.
- Auguste Renoir (1841-1919); visited Beaulieu, Grasse, Saint-Raphaël and Cannes, before finally settling in Cagnes-sur-Mer in 1907, where he bought a farm in the hills and built a new house and workshop on the grounds. He continued to paint there until his death in 1919. His house is now a museum.
- Paul Signac (1863-1935); visited St. Tropez in 1892, and bought a villa, La Hune, at the foot of citadel in 1897. It was at his villa that his friend, Henri Matisse, painted his famous Luxe, Calme et Volupté in 1904. Signac made numerous paintings along the coast.
The Riviera in video games
- The Côte d'Azur was used as the setting in the classic arcade racing game GTI Club in 1996 and is used in the remake of the game GTI Club+ on the PlayStation 3.
- The French Riviera was used as a setting in the 2001 video game Spy Hunter, in the missions Double Vision and French Kiss.
- Côte d'Azur is also used in the Halo series, as the capital city of the UNSC colony of Sigma Octanus IV.
- Nice and Mont Boron were recreated for the DRIV3R (Driver 3) Game which was the third in the Driver series for the PS2.
See also
Bibliography
History
- Aldo Bastié, Histoire de la Provence, Éditions Ouest-France, 2001.
- Jim Ring, Riviera, the Rise and Fall of the Côte d'Azur, John Murray Publishers, London, 1988.
Painters
- La Méditerranée de Courbet à Matisse, catalog of the exhibit at the Grand Palais, Paris from September 2000 to January 2001. Published by the Réunion des musées nationaux, 2000.
External links
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