Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold
Encyclopedia
Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold (1828–1901) was a German lichenologist and taxonomist born in Ansbach
, Bavaria
. Even as a high school student he showed an active interest in botany
: "Ich und August Gattinger ... durchstreiften von November 1846 bis zum Spätherbst 1847, Pflanzen sammelnd, die Landschaft von München nach allen Richtungen." ("August Gattinger and I … roamed across the landscape of Munich from November 1846 up to the late autumn 1847, collecting plants, in all directions.").
He studied jurisprudence
in Munich
and Heidelberg
and during his career practiced law in Eichstätt
(1857–77) and Munich (1877–96). He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Munich in 1878. Additionally he was a student of botanists Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
(1794–1868) and Otto Sendtner
(1813–1859), and his spare time was devoted to floristics
and classification of plants and fungi.
His initial studies dealt with vascular plants, but his primary focus later shifted to lichens and bryophytes. Well known for his studies of herbarium
specimens (exsiccatae), his personal herbarium contained approximately 150,000 specimens, largely consisting of lichen
s and lichenicolous fungi. Today this collection is kept at the Botanische Staatssammlung in Munich.
Arnold was the author of Lichenologische Ausflüge in Tirol (Lichenological Excursions in Tyrol
), which is still considered to be an important source of information on alpine lichenology . He was a founding member of the Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft, and in 1878 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Munich. Arnold died in Munich in 1901. The journal series Arnoldia, named in his honor, started publication in 1991. It is devoted to describing the labels and annotations of the dried herbarium specimens in the Botanische Staatssammlung.
Ansbach
Ansbach, originally Onolzbach, is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Ansbach is situated southwest of Nuremberg and north of Munich, on the Fränkische Rezat, a tributary of the Main river. As of 2004, its population was 40,723.Ansbach...
, Bavaria
Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany...
. Even as a high school student he showed an active interest in botany
Botany
Botany, plant science, or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Traditionally, botany also included the study of fungi, algae and viruses...
: "Ich und August Gattinger ... durchstreiften von November 1846 bis zum Spätherbst 1847, Pflanzen sammelnd, die Landschaft von München nach allen Richtungen." ("August Gattinger and I … roamed across the landscape of Munich from November 1846 up to the late autumn 1847, collecting plants, in all directions.").
He studied jurisprudence
Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal theorists , hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions...
in Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
and Heidelberg
Heidelberg
-Early history:Between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, "Heidelberg Man" died at nearby Mauer. His jaw bone was discovered in 1907; with scientific dating, his remains were determined to be the earliest evidence of human life in Europe. In the 5th century BC, a Celtic fortress of refuge and place of...
and during his career practiced law in Eichstätt
Eichstätt
Eichstätt is a town in the federal state of Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the District of Eichstätt. It is located along the Altmühl River, at , and had a population of 13,078 in 2002. It is home to the Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, the lone Catholic university in Germany. The...
(1857–77) and Munich (1877–96). He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Munich in 1878. Additionally he was a student of botanists Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius was a German botanist and explorer.Martius was born at Erlangen, where he graduated M.D. in 1814, publishing as his thesis a critical catalogue of plants in the botanic garden of the university...
(1794–1868) and Otto Sendtner
Otto Sendtner
Otto Sendtner was a German botanist and phytogeographer born in Munich.He received his education at the University of Munich, where he was a student of Karl Friedrich Schimper...
(1813–1859), and his spare time was devoted to floristics
Floristics
Floristics is a subdomain of botany and biogeography that studies distribution and relationships of plant species over geographic areas.The term is not to be confused with floristry....
and classification of plants and fungi.
His initial studies dealt with vascular plants, but his primary focus later shifted to lichens and bryophytes. Well known for his studies of herbarium
Herbarium
In botany, a herbarium – sometimes known by the Anglicized term herbar – is a collection of preserved plant specimens. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts: these will usually be in a dried form, mounted on a sheet, but depending upon the material may also be kept in...
specimens (exsiccatae), his personal herbarium contained approximately 150,000 specimens, largely consisting of lichen
Lichen
Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic organism composed of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner , usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium...
s and lichenicolous fungi. Today this collection is kept at the Botanische Staatssammlung in Munich.
Arnold was the author of Lichenologische Ausflüge in Tirol (Lichenological Excursions in Tyrol
Tyrol (state)
Tyrol is a state or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria. It comprises the Austrian part of the historical region of Tyrol.The state is split into two parts–called North Tyrol and East Tyrol–by a -wide strip of land where the state of Salzburg borders directly on the Italian province of...
), which is still considered to be an important source of information on alpine lichenology . He was a founding member of the Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft, and in 1878 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Munich. Arnold died in Munich in 1901. The journal series Arnoldia, named in his honor, started publication in 1991. It is devoted to describing the labels and annotations of the dried herbarium specimens in the Botanische Staatssammlung.
Selected publications
The following list represents a small sampling of the approximately 140 publications of Arnold.- (1869). Lichenologische Ausflüge in Tirol. IV. Der Schlern. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft zu Wien 19: 605–610.
- (1870). Lichenologische Fragmente. X. Flora 53: 465–469.
- (1871). Lichenologische Fragmente. XI. Flora 54: 49–50.
- (1876). Lichenologische Ausflüge in Tirol. XV. Gurgl. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft zu Wien 26: 353–371.
- (1879). Lichenologische Ausflüge in Tirol: XX. Predazzo. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft zu Wien 29: 351–356.
- (1880). Lichenologische Ausflüge in Tirol. XXI. Berichtigungen und Nachträge. B. Verzeichnis der Tiroler Lichenen. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft zu Wien 30: 95–117.
- (1881). Lichenes Britannici exsiccati, herausgegeben von Leighton. Flora 44: 435–661.
- (1881). Lichenologische Fragmente. XXIV [concl.]. Flora 64: 193–196.
- (1884). Die Lichenen des Fränkischen Jura [cont.]. Flora 67: 403–416.
- (1885). Die Lichenen des Fränkischen Jura [cont.]. Flora 68: 49–55.
- (1885). Die Lichenen des Fränkischen Jura [cont.]. Flora 68: 143–158.
- (1885). Die Lichenen des Fränkischen Jura [cont.]. Flora 68: 211–246.
- (1887). Lichenologische Ausflüge in Tirol. XXIII. Predazzo und Paneveggio. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft zu Wien 37: 81–98.
- (1896). Lichenologische Ausflüge in Tirol. XXVII. Galtür. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft zu Wien 46: 105–107.