El Alebrije (wrestler)
Encyclopedia
El Alebrije is a Mexican
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

 Luchador
Lucha libre
Lucha libre is a term used in Mexico, and other Spanish-speaking countries, for a form of professional wrestling that has developed within those countries...

enmascarado
Wrestling mask
A Wrestling mask is a fabric based mask that some professional wrestlers wear as part of their in-ring persona or gimmick. Professional wrestlers have been using masks as far back as 1915 and they are still widely used today, especially in Lucha Libre in Mexico.-History:In 1915 a North American...

, or masked professional wrestler
Professional wrestling
Professional wrestling is a mode of spectacle, combining athletics and theatrical performance.Roland Barthes, "The World of Wrestling", Mythologies, 1957 It takes the form of events, held by touring companies, which mimic a title match combat sport...

, working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre is a Lucha Libre-style professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico City while running cards in Guadalajara, Puebla and elsewhere in central and southern Mexico...

 (CMLL) as part of the group called Los Invasores
Los Invasores
Los Invasores is a Mexican lucha libre, or professional wrestling group, referred to as a stable in wrestling terms, working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . The group is portrayed as a group of "outsiders" invading CMLL, but in fact they all work full time for CMLL...

. He best known for his work in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración is a lucha libre professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico...

, where he worked for 12 years as El Alebrije, along with his Mini-Estrella
Mini-Estrella
The term Mini-Estrella is used in lucha libre to describe a division of short professional wrestlers or luchadors, some of whom have dwarfism. The Mexican Mini-Estrellas is comparable to Midget professional wrestling practiced around the world, but with the notable exception that some of the...

companion Cuije. He has also played the role of Máscara Sagráda II after the Original Máscara Sagrada
Máscara Sagrada
Máscara Sagrada is a Mexican Luchador enMáscarado who has worked for every major Mexican wrestling promotion over the last 20 years. His ring name is Spanish for "Sacred Mask" and is inspired by the "sanctity" of masks in lucha libre...

 left AAA. El Alebrije's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans.

Professional wrestling career

He made his debut under the ring name
Ring name
A ring name is a stage name used by a professional wrestler, martial artist, or boxer. While some ring names may have a fictitious first name and surname, others may simply be a nickname, such as The Undertaker.-Wrestling:...

 King Imperio, before switching to another character called Mascara de Oro ("Gold Mask"). later on he change his gimmick to Kraneo before going to Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración is a lucha libre professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico...

 (AAA).

Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

He was brought to AAA because of the original Máscara Sagrada
Máscara Sagrada
Máscara Sagrada is a Mexican Luchador enMáscarado who has worked for every major Mexican wrestling promotion over the last 20 years. His ring name is Spanish for "Sacred Mask" and is inspired by the "sanctity" of masks in lucha libre...

's departure and was used to replaced him as Mascara Sagrada II, a role he played for approximately one year. During that year, he won the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship
Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship
The Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship is a national Mexican singles professional wrestling championship controlled by Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F....

, defeating Pierroth, Jr.
Pierroth, Jr.
Norberto Salgado Salcedo is a retired Mexican luchador , best known under the ring name Pierroth, Jr.. Salgado made his professional wrestling debut on July 1, 1984 working as an Luchador Enmascarado, or masked wrestler, using the name Pierroth, Jr...

 to win the title. The reign only lasted for less than a week because he would lose it to Sangre Chicana
Sangre Chicana
Sangre Chicana is the ring name of Mexican professional wrestler Andrés Durán Reyes . Reyes made his professional wrestling debut in 1973, wearing a red mask with a gold stripe, under the name Lemus. A year later he changed his name to Sangre Chicana but kept the mask with the golden stripe...

. In 1998 he was regimmicked as El Alebrije, a more comedic ring character, teamed up with Cuije, a Mini-Estrella
Mini-Estrella
The term Mini-Estrella is used in lucha libre to describe a division of short professional wrestlers or luchadors, some of whom have dwarfism. The Mexican Mini-Estrellas is comparable to Midget professional wrestling practiced around the world, but with the notable exception that some of the...

 version of the El Alebrije character. The two would feud with Monsther and Chucky for a long period of time. He also worked as a road agent behind the scenes of AAA. His first title as El Alebrije was the UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship
UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship
The UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship is a now inactive title that was originall promoted by the Mexican lucha libre Professional wrestling) promotion. After the UWA closed in 1995 the title was defended on the Mexican and Puerto Rican independent circuit. The last known champion was Andy...

. On August 20, 2004, El Alebrije and Cuije won the AAA Mascot Tag Team Championship
AAA Mascot Tag Team Championship
The AAA Mascot Tag Team Championship is a tag team title contested for in the Mexican lucha libre promotion Asistencia Asesoría y Administración . The title is for teams of a regular-sized wrestler and a second miniature version, or mascot, of himself...

. They both made history by being the third champions and having it for the longest reign. The title was vacated on April 7, 2009 due to both of them leaving AAA. They only defended the AAA Mascot Tag Team Title a limited number of times in the 1,691 days they held the title.

The independent circuit

After leaving AAA Alebrije and Cuije began working on the Mexican independent circuit
Independent circuit
In professional wrestling, the independent circuit or indy circuit refers to the many independent promotions which are much smaller than major televised promotions. They are roughly analagous to a minor league for pro wrestling, or community or regional theatre.Specific promotions on the...

, especially for International Wrestling Revolution Group
International Wrestling Revolution Group
International Wrestling Revolution Group is a Lucha Libre promotion based in Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico. Founded in 1996 by Adolfo Moreno and since Moreno's death in late 2007 has been controlled by his sons Alfredo and Marco Moreno...

 (IWRG) and Perros del Mal Producciones
Perros del Mal (promotion)
Perros del Mal Producciones , often referred to as just Perros del Mal, is a Mexican professional wrestling promotion founded in October, 2007 by Perro Aguayo, Jr. when he left Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre to form his own group...

. El Alebrije and Cuije made their first appearance for the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania based Chikara as part of the 2010 King of Trios tournament that ran from April 23 to 25 at The Arena in Philadelphia. For the tournament Cuije wrestled alongside Alebrije and their partner El Orientál
El Oriental
Noé Astro Moreno Leon is a Mexican Luchador known under the ring name El Oriental, currently works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre but is mainly known for his almost 10 year long stint in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración along with his sisters Cynthia, Rossy and Esther Moreno...

 as Team Perros del Mal. After defeating "Team Delicioso" (Curry Man
Christopher Daniels
Daniel Christopher Covell is an American professional wrestler, best known in the United States by his ring name "The Fallen Angel" Christopher Daniels. He is also known for performing under the ring name Curry Man. He is currently under contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling , while also...

, El Hijo del Ice Cream and Ice Cream, Jr.) in their opening round match, Team Perros del Mal was eliminated from the tournament in the quarterfinals by Der Bruderschaft des Kreuzes
Bruderschaft des Kreuzes
Die Bruderschaft des Kreuzes is a professional wrestling stable in the Chikara promotion.-Background :...

 (Ares
Marco Jaggi
Marco Jaggi is a Swiss professional wrestler and wrestling trainer, known by his ring name Ares , who primarily competes in European and American independent promotions. For much of his career, Jaggi teamed with Claudio Castagnoli and Marc Roudin as part of Swiss Money Holding...

, Claudio Castagnoli
Claudio Castagnoli
Claudio Castagnoli is a Swiss professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, working in its developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling under the ring name Antonio Cesaro...

 and Tursas).

Los Invasores

On April 12, 2010 a contingent of former AAA wrestlers including El Alebrije, Cuije, Histeria
Histeria (wrestler)
Histeria is a Mexican luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre as part of the Los Invasores group. Histeria is best known for the 14 years he worked for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración , until leaving in 2009...

, Psicosis II
Psicosis II
Juan Gonzalez is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado better known under the ring name Psicosis. Gonzalez was the second wrestler to work as Psicosis, given the ring character by Asistencia Asesoría y Administración to replace the Original Psicosis, and is often denoted Psicosis II...

 and Maniaco
Maniaco
Maniaco is a Mexican Luchador, or professional wrestler best known for being a part of the Asistencia Asesoría y Administración group Los Vipers. He currently works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre , although the storyline portrays him as an outsider, part of Los Independientes...

 appeared on a Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre is a Lucha Libre-style professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico City while running cards in Guadalajara, Puebla and elsewhere in central and southern Mexico...

 (CMLL) show in Puebla, Puebla
Puebla, Puebla
The city and municipality of Puebla is the capital of the state of Puebla, and one of the five most important colonial cities in Mexico. Being a planned city, it is located to the east of Mexico City and west of Mexico's main port, Veracruz, on the main route between the two.The city was founded...

. The group drown into the arena in a black SUV and attacked La Sombra
La Sombra (wrestler)
La Sombra is a Mexican luchador enmascarado . La Sombra's real real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans...

, El Hijo del Fantasma and La Máscara
La Mascara (wrestler)
La Mascara is a Mexican professional wrestler active as a tecnico in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre, where he is the current NWA World Historic Welterweight Champion. Also one of his uncle is Brazo de Plata. His cousins are Psycho Clown and Máximo. La Mascara is the son of Brazo de Oro, and the...

 after they just finished wrestling. Brazo de Plata, Místico
Místico
Luis Ignascio Urive Alvirde is a Mexican luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler, currently signed to WWE, working on its SmackDown brand under the name Sin Cara...

 and Strong Man
Jon Andersen
Jon Andersen Reel, normally referred to simply as Jon Andersen is an American bodybuilder, strongman competitor and professional wrestler. Anderson currently splits his time between working for Pro Wrestling Revolution in California and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre in Mexico...

 tried to help out but were kept away by CMLL rudos Averno, El Texano, Jr.
El Texano, Jr.
Juan Aguilar Leos is a Mexican luchador, or professional wrestler, best known under the ring name El Texano, Jr.. Aguilar is the son of Juan Conrado Aguilar Jáuregui, who wrestled under the name El Texano; Aguilar also has several uncles and cousins that are professional wrestlers...

 and El Terrible
El Terrible
Damián Gutiérrez Hernández is a Mexican professional wrestler currently performing for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre under the ring name Damián el Terrible or simply El Terrible.-Professional wrestling career:...

. Following the attack the former AAA wrestlers returned to the SUV and left the arena. The group made several subsequent attacks during CMLL shows, including running in during their Sunday Night Arena México
Arena México
Arena México is an indoor arena in Mexico City, Mexico located in the Colonia Doctores neighboorhood in the Cuauhtémoc borough. The arena is primarily used for professional wrestling, or Lucha libre, shows promoted by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . The building is called the "cathedral of lucha...

 show, indicating that the storyline was not limited to just the Puebla area. After weeks of run-ins the group, dubbed Los Independientes
Los Invasores
Los Invasores is a Mexican lucha libre, or professional wrestling group, referred to as a stable in wrestling terms, working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . The group is portrayed as a group of "outsiders" invading CMLL, but in fact they all work full time for CMLL...

or "The Independents" after the Independent circuit
Independent circuit
In professional wrestling, the independent circuit or indy circuit refers to the many independent promotions which are much smaller than major televised promotions. They are roughly analagous to a minor league for pro wrestling, or community or regional theatre.Specific promotions on the...

, wrestled their first match for CMLL. In their debut for CMLL on April 26, 2010 El Alebrije, Histeria and Psicosis defated El Hijo del Fantasma, La Mascara and La Sombra. On May 10, 2010, during a match between Los Independientes and CMLL wrestlers former CMLL and AAA wrestlers Universo 2000
Universo 2000
Andrés Reyes González is a Mexican professional wrestler, or luchador, who is best known under the ring name Universo 2000...

 and Máscara Año 2000
Máscara Año 2000
Jesús Reyes González is a Mexican Luchador, or professional wrestler, best known under the ring name Máscara Año 2000 or Máscara Año Dos Mil. His ring name is Spanish for "Mask of the year 2000", originally referring to the mask González wore while wrestling...

 ran in to help Los Independientes beat up on their opponents, taking their side in the storyline between independent wrestlers and CMLL. The team was later renamed Los Invasores
Los Invasores
Los Invasores is a Mexican lucha libre, or professional wrestling group, referred to as a stable in wrestling terms, working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre . The group is portrayed as a group of "outsiders" invading CMLL, but in fact they all work full time for CMLL...

("The Invaders"). During a trios match between El Alebrije, Histeria II and Maniaco and the team of Héctor Garza
Héctor Garza
Héctor Solano Segura is a Mexican professional wrestler, known by his ring name Héctor Garza, who is currently working for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración and Perros del Mal Producciones...

, Brazo de Plata and Toscano
Tarzan Boy (wrestler)
Oziel Toscano Jasso is a Mexican professional wrestler, or Luchador as they are known in Spanish, best known under the ring name Tarzan Boy and Toscano . Toscano currently works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre...

, Garza turned on his team mates and joined Los Invasores. On May 16, 2010 Psicosis wrestled against La Sombra in a match that saw the surprise appearance of both Mr. Águila
Mr. Águila
José Seldano is a Mexican professional wrestler or luchador currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre...

 and Rayo de Jalisco, Jr.
Rayo de Jalisco, Jr.
Rayo de Jalisco, Jr. is the ring name of a Mexican Luchador Enmascarado whose real name has not been revealed, per Lucha Libre traditions. Rayo de Jalisco, Jr...

 Mr. Águila returned to CMLL to side with Los Independientes while Rayo de Jalisco, Jr. ended up siding with CMLL in their war against the outsider group. The following day in Arena Coliseo Olímpico
Olímpico
Joel Bernal Galicia , better known under the ring name Olímpico is a Mexican Luchador , or professional wrestler. Olímpico is sometimes Anglicised as "Olympico", and means "Olympian" in Spanish...

 returned to CMLL and attacked Máximo
Maximo (wrestler)
José Christian Alvarado Ruiz is a Mexican Luchador or professional wrestler best known under the ring name Máximo , who has worked for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre for many years...

 during the main event of the show, at the time it was not clear if he had actually joined the group of outsiders or not. CMLL later held a press conference announcing that they would hold a special Sin Salida
Sin Salida (2010)
Sin Salida was a professional wrestling major event produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre that took place on June 6, 2010 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The event was centered around the storyline between CMLL wrestlers and a group called Los Invasores, a group portraying an "invading...

event on June 6, 2010 that would center around the Los Invasores vs. CMLL storyline. During the press conference Olímpico was part of the Invasores group. It was also announced that Garza and Mr. Águila were the co-leaders of the group. On July 12, 2010, at the Promociones Gutiérrez 1st Anniversary Show
Promociones Gutiérrez 1st Anniversary Show
The Promociones Gutiérrez 1st Anniversary Show was a professional wrestling supercard event promoted by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre and Promociones Gutierrez, CMLL's local promoter in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The event took place on July 12, 2010 at the Plaza de Toros Lauro Luis...

 El Alebrije participated in a match where 10 men put their mask on the line in a match that featured five pareja incredibles teams, with the losing team being forced to wrestle each other with their mask on the line. His partner in the match was Volador, Jr., facing off against the teams of Atlantis
Atlantis (wrestler)
Atlantis is a Mexican Luchador Enmascarado currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre where he performs as a Technico . Atlantis has held a large number of professional wrestling championships over the years, both in Mexico and in Japan...

 and Olímpico
Olímpico
Joel Bernal Galicia , better known under the ring name Olímpico is a Mexican Luchador , or professional wrestler. Olímpico is sometimes Anglicised as "Olympico", and means "Olympian" in Spanish...

, Místico and El Oriental
El Oriental
Noé Astro Moreno Leon is a Mexican Luchador known under the ring name El Oriental, currently works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre but is mainly known for his almost 10 year long stint in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración along with his sisters Cynthia, Rossy and Esther Moreno...

, Histeria and La Sombra, Último Guerrero
Último Guerrero
Último Guerrero is a Mexican currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre , where he is also part of the booking committee and former CMLL World Heavyweight Championship...

 and Averno. Volador, Jr. and El Alebrije was the second team to escape the match. In the end Místico defeated El Oriental to unmask him. On August 16, 2010 it was announced that El Alebrije was one of 14 men putting their mask on the line in a Luchas de Apuestas steel cage match, the main event of the CMLL 77th Anniversary Show
CMLL 77th Anniversary Show
The CMLL 77th Anniversary Show was a professional wrestling major show produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre that took place on September 3, 2010 in CMLL's home arena Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico. The event commemorates the 77th anniversary of CMLL, the oldest professional wrestling...

. El Alebrije was the fourth man to leave the steel cage at the same time as his fellow Invasor Histeria, keeping both their masks safe. Both El Alebrije and Histeria returned to the cage to help their partners but were eventually removed by officials. The match came down to La Sombra
La Sombra (wrestler)
La Sombra is a Mexican luchador enmascarado . La Sombra's real real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans...

 pinning Olímpico
Olímpico
Joel Bernal Galicia , better known under the ring name Olímpico is a Mexican Luchador , or professional wrestler. Olímpico is sometimes Anglicised as "Olympico", and means "Olympian" in Spanish...

 to unmask him.

Legal action

In early April, 2010 El Alebrije and Histeria
Histeria (wrestler)
Histeria is a Mexican luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler currently working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre as part of the Los Invasores group. Histeria is best known for the 14 years he worked for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración , until leaving in 2009...

 sought legal action against AAA over the issues of name and ring character ownership as well as unfair termination by AAA. The two claimed that they have wrestled for 13 years to create the characters and thus own them. The parties met in Mexico City’s Board of Concilation and Arbitration to see if a settlement could be reached or if the matter would have to be taken to court. The parties met for a second arbitration meeting in late April, 2010. This time the plaintiff group was joined by Latin Lover who, like Alebrije, Histeria and the others, claimed that he should be allowed to use the name since he's worked as Latin Lover for 18 years and thus should be allowed to continue using it. After the meeting it was stated that all parties involved were cooperating over the matter.

In wrestling

  • Finishing moves
  • Gory special

  • Signature moves
  • 630° corkscrew plancha
  • Suicide dive

Championships and accomplishments

  • Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
    Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
    Asistencia Asesoría y Administración is a lucha libre professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico...

  • AAA Mascot Tag Team Championship
    AAA Mascot Tag Team Championship
    The AAA Mascot Tag Team Championship is a tag team title contested for in the Mexican lucha libre promotion Asistencia Asesoría y Administración . The title is for teams of a regular-sized wrestler and a second miniature version, or mascot, of himself...

     (1 time) - with Cuije
  • Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship
    Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship
    The Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship is a national Mexican singles professional wrestling championship controlled by Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F....

     (1 time) – While working as Máscara Sagrada

  • Pro Wrestling Illustrated
    Pro Wrestling Illustrated
    Pro Wrestling Illustrated is a professional wrestling magazine. PWI is currently based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania and published by Kappa Publishing Group.-History:The first issue of Pro Wrestling Illustrated was released in 1979...

  • PWI ranked him # 176 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2005

  • Universal Wrestling Association
    Universal Wrestling Association
    The Universal Wrestling Association was a Mexican Lucha Libre or professional wrestling promotion based in Naucalpan, Mexico State that operated from 1975 until 1995...

  • UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship
    UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship
    The UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship is a now inactive title that was originall promoted by the Mexican lucha libre Professional wrestling) promotion. After the UWA closed in 1995 the title was defended on the Mexican and Puerto Rican independent circuit. The last known champion was Andy...

     (1 time)

  • Regional Championships
  • Naucalpan Middleweight Championship (1 time)


Luchas de Apuestas record

Wager Winner Loser Location Date Notes
Mask Kundra Mascara de Oro Naucalpan
Naucalpan
Naucalpan, officially Naucalpan de Juárez, is a city and municipality located just northwest of Mexico City in adjoining Mexico State. The name Naucalpan comes from Nahuatl and means “place of the four neighborhoods or four houses. “de Juárez was added to the official name in 1874 in honor of...

, Mexico State 
Hair Kundra Mascara do Oro Naucalpan
Naucalpan
Naucalpan, officially Naucalpan de Juárez, is a city and municipality located just northwest of Mexico City in adjoining Mexico State. The name Naucalpan comes from Nahuatl and means “place of the four neighborhoods or four houses. “de Juárez was added to the official name in 1874 in honor of...

, Mexico State 
Mask Kraneo Tormenta Negra Naucalpan
Naucalpan
Naucalpan, officially Naucalpan de Juárez, is a city and municipality located just northwest of Mexico City in adjoining Mexico State. The name Naucalpan comes from Nahuatl and means “place of the four neighborhoods or four houses. “de Juárez was added to the official name in 1874 in honor of...

, Mexico State 
 
Mask Kraneo Sable Naucalpan
Naucalpan
Naucalpan, officially Naucalpan de Juárez, is a city and municipality located just northwest of Mexico City in adjoining Mexico State. The name Naucalpan comes from Nahuatl and means “place of the four neighborhoods or four houses. “de Juárez was added to the official name in 1874 in honor of...

, Mexico State 
 
Hair Mascara Sagrada II Popitekus Tlalnepantla
Tlalnepantla
Tlalnepantla could refer to one of two places in the Republic of Mexico:* Tlalnepantla de Baz, a town in the state of México.* Tlalnepantla, Morelos, a town and municipality in the state of Morelos....

, Mexico State 
 
Hair Abismo Negro
Abismo Negro
Andrés Alejandro Palomeque González was a Mexican Luchador . He is best known for appearing under the stage name Abismo Negro, which is Spanish for "Black Abyss" or "black hole", in the Asistencia Asesoría y Administración promotion...

 
El Alebrije Tijuana, Baja California  Lucha del reves, hair vs. hair match between masked wrestlers.
Hair Moster  El Alebrije Tijuana, Baja California  Lucha del reves, hair vs. hair match between masked wrestlers.
Mask El Alebrije Mr. Infierno Mazatlan, Sinaloa  
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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