Dzongkha

Dzongkha language

Dzongkha , occasionally Ngalopkha, is the national language of Bhutan. The word "dzongkha" means the language spoken in the dzong, – dzong being the fortress-like monasteries established throughout Bhutan by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in the 17th century."Bhutani" is not another name for...

, the national language of Bhutan

Bhutan

Bhutan , officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China...

, has two numeral systems, one vigesimal

Vigesimal

The vigesimal or base 20 numeral system is based on twenty .- Places :...

 (base 20), and a modern decimal

Decimal

The decimal numeral system has ten as its base. It is the numerical base most widely used by modern civilizations....

system. The vigesimal system remains in robust use. Ten is an auxiliary base: the teens are formed with ten and the numerals 1–9.

Vigesimal

1	ciː	11	cu-ci
2 |ˈɲiː	12	cu-ɲi
3	sum	13	cu-sum
4	ʑi	14	cu-ʑi
5 |ˈŋa	15	ce-ŋa
6	ɖʱuː	16	cu-ɖu
7	dyn	17	cup-dỹ
8	ɡeː	18	cop-ɡe
9	ɡuː	19	cy-ɡu
10	cu-tʰãm*	20	kʰe ciː

*When it appears on its own, 'ten' is usually said cu-tʰãm 'a full ten'. In combinations it is simply cu.

Factors of 20 are formed from kʰe. Intermediate factors of ten are formed with pɟʱe-da 'half to':

30	kʰe pɟʱe-da ˈɲiː	(a half to two score)
40	kʰe ˈɲiː	(two score)
50	kʰe pɟʱe-da sum	(a half to three score)
100	kʰe ˈŋa	(five score)
200	kʰe cutʰãm	(ten score)
300	kʰe ceŋa	(fifteen score)

400 (20²) ɲiɕu is the next unit: ɲiɕu ciː 400, ɲiɕu ɲi 800, etc. Higher powers are 8000 (20³) kʰecʰe ('a ɡreat score') and jãːcʰe 160,000 (20⁴).

Decimal

The decimal system is the same up to 19. Then decades, however, are formed as unit–ten, as in Chinese, and the hundreds similarly. 20 is reported to be ɲiɕu, the vigesimal numeral 400; this may be lexical interference for the expected *ɲi-cu. (In any case, there is no ambiguity, because as 400 it is obligatorily ɲiɕu ciː 'one 400'.) Several of the decades have an epenthetic -p-, perhaps by analogy with 18 and 19, where the -p- presumably reflects a historical *cup 'ten':

sum-cu 30, ʑi-p-cu 40, ˈŋa-p-cu 50, ɟa-tʰampa or cik-ɟa 100 (a 'full hundred' or 'one hundred'), ɲi-ɟa 200, sum-ɟa 300, ʑi-p-ɟa 400, etc.