Dryandra ser. Niveae
Encyclopedia
George Bentham
George Bentham CMG FRS was an English botanist, characterized by Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".- Formative years :...
in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast
Austin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...
and Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...
sunk Dryandra into Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
.
According to Bentham
Bentham's definition of D. ser. Niveae was "Flowering stems from a creeping trunk very short, with one or few ovoid flower-heads surrounded by long floral leaves. Leaves pinnate with numerous rigid segments white underneath except in D. nana." Four species were included; the placement and circumscription of the series may be summarised as follows:- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. sect. Eudryandra
- D. ser. ArmatæDryandra ser. ArmataeDryandra ser. Armatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.-According...
(7 species) - D. ser. FloribundæDryandra ser. FloribundaeDryandra ser. Floribundae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into...
(5 species, 2 varieties) - D. ser. Concinnæ (4 species)
- D. ser. Formosæ (5 species)
- D. ser. Niveae
- D. nivea (now B. niveaBanksia niveaBanksia nivea, commonly known as Honeypot Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. First described as Banksia nivea, it was transferred to Dryandra as Dryandra nivea by Robert Brown in 1810, and remained in that genus until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by...
) - D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidisBanksia arctotidisBanksia arctotidis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra arctotidis until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
)- D. arctotidis var. tortifolia (now B. tortifoliaBanksia tortifoliaBanksia tortifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was first published as Dryandra tortifolia in 1855. In 1870, George Bentham demoted it to a variety of Dryandra arctotidis , but this was overturned by Alex George in 1999...
)
- D. arctotidis var. tortifolia (now B. tortifolia
- D. nana (now B. nanaBanksia nanaBanksia nana, commonly known as Dwarf Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra nana until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. Preissii (now B. acuminataBanksia acuminataBanksia acuminata is a rare prostrate shrub endemic to south-west Western Australia. It was published in 1848 as Dryandra preissii, but transferred into Banksia as B. acuminata in 2007.-Description:...
)
- D. nivea (now B. nivea
- D. ser. Obvallatæ (12 species)
- D. ser. Gymnocephalæ (3 species)
- D. ser. Armatæ
- D. sect. Aphragma (7 species, 2 varieties)
- D. sect. Eudryandra
According to George
With the passage of time following the publication of Bentham's arrangement, D. ser. Niveae was gradually abandoned. As the flowers and fruit are highly similar across all species in the series, it is difficult to distinguish individual species. For this reason the name Dryandra nivea began to be used in a broad sense, to refer to the entire group, and the other species names fell into disuse.When Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
published his revision
George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Alex George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first modern-day arrangement of that taxon. First published in Nuytsia in 1996, it superseded the arrangement of George Bentham, which had stood for over a hundred years; it would later form the basis for George's 1999 treatment of Dryandra...
of Dryandra in 1996, he recognised that there were several taxa in the series, and that these could be distinguished by their leaf shape. He resurrected a number of abandoned names, and published some new species and varieties. A new circumscription was given for the series: essentially the series was defined as containing those species in which the flowers of a flower head form a circle about a central hole.
George's placement and circumscription of D. ser. Niveae, as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows:
- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. subg. DryandraDryandra subg. DryandraDryandra subg. Dryandra is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published at sectional rank as Dryandra verae in 1830, before being renamed Eudryandra in 1847, the replaced by the autonym at subgenus rank in 1996...
- D. ser. FloribundaeDryandra ser. FloribundaeDryandra ser. Floribundae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into...
(1 species, 4 varieties) - D. ser. ArmataeDryandra ser. ArmataeDryandra ser. Armatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.-According...
(21 species, 7 subspecies, 4 varieties) - D. ser. Marginatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Folliculosae (1 species, 5 varieties)
- D. ser. Acrodontae (4 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. CapitellataeDryandra ser. CapitellataeDryandra ser. Capitellatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was published by Alex George in 1996, but discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.-Publication:George published the series in his 1996 "New taxa and a new infrageneric...
(2 species, 2 subspecies) - D. ser. IlicinaeDryandra ser. IlicinaeDryandra ser. Ilicinae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by Carl Meissner in 1856, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870...
(3 species, 2 varieties) - D. ser. Dryandra (3 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Foliosae (3 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Decurrentes (1 species)
- D. ser. Tenuifoliae (2 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Runcinatae (4 species, 7 subspecies)
- D. ser. Triangulares (3 species, 3 subspecies)
- D. ser. AphragmaDryandra ser. AphragmaDryandra ser. Aphragma is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published at sectional rank by Robert Brown in 1830, and was retained at that rank until 1999, when Alex George demoted it to a series...
(9 species, 3 subspecies) - D. ser. Ionthocarpae (1 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Inusitatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Subulatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Gymnocephalae (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. PlumosaeDryandra ser. PlumosaeDryandra ser. Plumosae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was published by Alex George in 1996, but discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia....
(3 species, 2 subspecies) - D. ser. Concinnae (3 species)
- D. ser. Obvallatae (7 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Pectinatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Acuminatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Niveae
- D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidisBanksia arctotidisBanksia arctotidis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra arctotidis until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. tortifolia (now B. tortifoliaBanksia tortifoliaBanksia tortifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was first published as Dryandra tortifolia in 1855. In 1870, George Bentham demoted it to a variety of Dryandra arctotidis , but this was overturned by Alex George in 1999...
) - D. stenoprion (now B. stenoprionBanksia stenoprionBanksia stenoprion is a shrub endemic to Western Australia....
) - D. cypholoba (now B. cypholobaBanksia cypholobaBanksia cypholoba is a shrub endemic to Western Australia....
) - D. lindleyana (now B. dallanneyiBanksia dallanneyiBanksia dallanneyi, commonly known as Couch Honeypot, is a prostrate shrub endemic to Western Australia. It grows to a height and width of up to 0.5 m, although it is very common for many plants to be growing side by side; thus the clump may be several metres across.It was known as Dryandra...
)- D. lindleyana subsp. lindleyana (now B. dallanneyi subsp. dallanneyiBanksia dallanneyi subsp. dallanneyiBanksia dallanneyi subsp. dallanneyi is a subspecies of Banksia dallanneyi. It was known as Dryandra lindleyana subsp. lindleyana until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since the name Banksia lindleyana had already been used, Mast and Thiele had to choose a...
) - D. lindleyana subsp. pollosta (now B. dallanneyi subsp. pollostaBanksia dallanneyi subsp. pollostaBanksia dallanneyi subsp. pollosta is a subspecies of Banksia dallanneyi. It was known as Dryandra lindleyana subsp. pollosta until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since there was already a Banksia named Banksia lindleyana, Mast and Thiele had to choose a new...
) - D. lindleyana subsp. media (now B. dallanneyi subsp. mediaBanksia dallanneyi subsp. mediaBanksia dallanneyi subsp. media is a subspecies of Banksia dallanneyi. It was known as Dryandra lindleyana subsp. media until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since there was already a Banksia named Banksia lindleyana, Mast and Thiele had to choose a new...
) - D. lindleyana subsp. agricola (now B. dallanneyi subsp. agricolaBanksia dallanneyi subsp. agricolaBanksia dallanneyi subsp. agricola is a subspecies of Banksia dallanneyi. It was known as Dryandra lindleyana subsp. agricola until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since there was already a Banksia named Banksia lindleyana, Mast and Thiele had to choose a new...
) - D. lindleyana subsp. sylvestris (now B. dallanneyi subsp. sylvestrisBanksia dallanneyi subsp. sylvestrisBanksia dallanneyi subsp. sylvestris is a subspecies of Banksia dallanneyi. It was known as Dryandra lindleyana subsp. sylvestris until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since there was already a Banksia named Banksia lindleyana, Mast and Thiele had to choose a...
)
- D. lindleyana subsp. lindleyana (now B. dallanneyi subsp. dallanneyi
- D. brownii (now B. brunneaBanksia brunneaBanksia brunnea is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra brownii until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. nivea (now B. niveaBanksia niveaBanksia nivea, commonly known as Honeypot Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. First described as Banksia nivea, it was transferred to Dryandra as Dryandra nivea by Robert Brown in 1810, and remained in that genus until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by...
)- D. nivea subsp. nivea (now B. nivea subsp. nivea)
- D. nivea subsp. uliginosa (now B. nivea subsp. uliginosa)
- D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidis
- D. ser. Floribundae
- D. subg. HemiclidiaDryandra subg. HemiclidiaDryandra subg. Hemiclidia is an obsolete plant taxon that encompassed material that is now included in Banksia. Published at genus rank as Hemiclidia by Robert Brown in 1830, it was set aside by George Bentham in 1870, but reinstated at subgenus rank by Alex George in 1996...
(2 species) - D. subg. DiplophragmaDryandra subg. DiplophragmaDryandra subg. Diplophragma is an obsolete subgenus within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by Robert Brown in 1830, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870...
(1 species)
- D. subg. Dryandra
Recent developments
Since 1998, Austin MastAustin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...
has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence
DNA sequence
The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers, this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of...
data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the paraphyly
Paraphyly
A group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups of descendants...
of Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
with respect to Dryandra
Dryandra
Banksia ser. Dryandra is a series of 94 species of shrub to small tree in the plant genus Banksia. It was considered a separate genus named Dryandra until early 2007, when it was merged into Banksia on the basis of extensive molecular and morphological evidence that Banksia was paraphyletic with...
; that is, it seems that Dryandra arose from within the ranks of Banksia. Early in 2007, Mast and Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...
initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by sinking Dryandra into it as B. ser. Dryandra. This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra; thus D. ser. Niveae is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.