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Drukpa
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The Drukpa(Tib. ??????? / ’brug pa) [Druk ~ "dragon", pa ~ "person"] — or Drukpa Kagyu (Tib. ?????????????????? ’brug pa bka' brgyud / ?????????????????? ’brug pa dkar brgyud), or Drukpa Kargyud (white lineage) — are one of the major independent branches of the Kagyu school of Buddhism. It is considered to be one of the Sarma or "new" schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Within the Drukpa Lineage, there are further sub-schools, most notably the eastern Kham tradition and middle Drukpa school which prospered in Ladakh and surrounding areas.
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The Drukpa(Tib. ??????? / ’brug pa) [Druk ~ "dragon", pa ~ "person"] — or Drukpa Kagyu (Tib. ?????????????????? ’brug pa bka' brgyud / ?????????????????? ’brug pa dkar brgyud), or Drukpa Kargyud (white lineage) — are one of the major independent branches of the Kagyu school of Buddhism. It is considered to be one of the Sarma or "new" schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Within the Drukpa Lineage, there are further sub-schools, most notably the eastern Kham tradition and middle Drukpa school which prospered in Ladakh and surrounding areas. In Bhutan the Drukpa Lineage is the dominant school and state religion.
History
The Drukpa Lineage was founded in western Tibet by Drogon Tsangpa Gyare Yeshe Dorje (1161-1211), a student of Lingchen Repa who mastered the Tantric Buddhism practices of the mahamudra and six yogas of Naropa at an early age. As a terton, or finder of spiritual relics, he discovered the text of the Six Equal Tastes, previously hidden by Rechungpa, the student of Milarepa. While on a pilgrimage Tsangpa Gyare and his disciples witnessed a set of nine dragons roaring out of the earth and into the skies, as flowers rained down everywhere. From this incident they named their sect Drukpa.
Also important to the lineage was Ling Repa, the root guru of Tsangpa Gyare, Phagmo Drupa (another of Gampopa's disciples) and Dampa Sumpa, one of Rechungpa's main disciples.
Dagpo Kagyu lineages are traditionally divided into the "Four Great and Eight Lesser." The adjectives in this case are not value judgements on the accomplishment or prominence of the sub-schools, but rather indicators of the generation in which they were founded. The Drukpa Lineage is considered by some as one of the "lesser" schools, as it was founded by a grand-disciple of Gampopa rather than a direct disciple, although widely the Drukpas do not employ this formulation based on a supplication prayer written by Karma Kagyud's Second Pawo Rinpoche Tsuklak Trengwa (1440-1503) .
A prominent disciple of Tsanga Gyare's nephew, Onre Darma Sengye, was Phajo Drugom Zhigpo (1208-1276) who went on to convert the valleys of western Bhutan to Drukpa Lineage in 1222.
Name
In the Drukpa school, the word "Kagyu," which means "lineage of instructions" and is normally rendered bKa'brgyud when transliterated with the Wylie system, is generally rendered dKar-brgyud. In this usage it has the meaning "the white lineage," referring to the white cotton robes of founding yogins such as Milarepa, Rechungpa and most importantly, Lingchen Repa, the root guru of the First Gyalwang Drukpa Tsangpa Gyare. In March 2008, the spiritual head of the Drukpa Lineage, H.H. Gyalwang Drukpa, declared his preference that:
He goes on to note that the "different lineages within a major Tibetan Buddhist branch are like brothers, of course some brothers do better than others, but that doesn't mean that those doing better could self-appoint themselves as the heads of other weaker brothers' households and take over their assets, wives and children, in the name of 'helping' and in the name of 'supporting'," and for that reason it is better that dKar-brgyud not be used any longer.
Branches of the Drukpa Lineage
The outstanding disciples of Tsangpa Gyare Yeshi Dorje (1161-1211), the first Gyalwang Drukpa, may be divided into two categories: blood relatives and spiritual sons. His nephew, Onre Darma Sengye (1177-1237), ascended the throne at Ralung, the main seat of the Drukpa lineage. Darma Sengye guided the later disciples of Tsangpa Gyare, such as Gotsangpa Gonpo Dorje (1189-1258), onto the path of realization, thus becoming their guru as well. Darma Sengye's nephew and their descendants held the seat at Ralung and continued the lineage.
Gyalwa Lorepa, Gyalwa Gotsangpa and Gyalwa Yang Gonpa, a disciple of Gyalwa Gotsangpa, are known as Gyalwa Namsum or the Three Victorious Ones in recognition of their spiritual realization. The followers of Gyalwa Lorepa came to be called the 'Lower Drukpas'. The followers of Gyalwa Gotsangpa came to be called the 'Upper Drukpas'. And the followers of Onre Darma Sengye came to be called the 'Middle Drukpas'.
After the death of 4th Gyalwang Drukpa Pema Karpo in 1592, there were two rival candidates for his reincarnation. Pagsam Wangpo, one of the candidates, was favored by the King of Tsang and prevailed. His rival, Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, was then invited to Western Bhutan and eventually he unified the entire country and established Drukpa as the preeminent Buddhist school from Haa all the way to Trongsa. The Drukpa Lineage was divided from that time on into the Northern Drukpa (Chang Druk, Wylie: Byang-'Brug) branch in Tibet headed by the Gyalwang Drukpa and the Southern Drukpa (Lho Druk, Wylie: lHo-'brug) based in Bhutan and headed by the Shabdrung incarnations. Ever since Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal appointed Pekar Jungne as the 1st Je Khenpo, the spiritual head of all monasteries in Bhutan, successive Je Khenpos have acted to date as spiritual regents of Bhutan. Drukpa lineage continues to thrive and flourish and benefit all sentient beings. It is supported by the state and given unconditional effort by all involved, from the lowest rung to the highest level .
Nonetheless, the 4th Gyalwang Drukpa Pema Karpo left a prediction that he would return with two reincarnations. His other reincarnation, Pagsam Wangpo, continued the lineage in Tibet.
Spread of Drukpa Lineage in Ladakh Area
Once Tagtshang Repa Ngawang Gyatso (1573-1651), a disciple of the 5th Gyalwang Drukpa Paksam Wangpo (1593-1641) and Drukpa Yongzin Ngawang Sangpo, was meditating at Ugyen dzong, a retreat cave near Kargil of Guru Padma Sambhava and Naropa, after his pilgrimage to the Swat Valley (now in Pakistan), when he received an invitation from King Jamyang Namgyal of Ladakh. He declined the royal invitation, saying that he did not have either permission from his Guru or guidance from the Dakinis to visit the royal court of Ladakh, and returned to Tibet. When Sengye Namgyal ascended the royal throne of Ladakh, he petitioned Drukpa Paksam Wangpo to send Tagtshang Repa to Ladakh to give spiritual guidance to the royal court and propagate the teachings of the Drukpa lineage in Ladakh. Following the instructions of Drukpa Paksam Wangpo, Tagtshang Repa arrived in Ladakh in 1624, at the age of 50, and first founded the monastery at Hanley. Two years later, he arrived at Hemis and was received by King Sengye Namgyal and members of the royal court. In 1630, he built the Hemis Jangchub Ling shrine (today called Dukhang Nyingpa) and founded the Sangha. With royal patronage, successive reincarnations of Tagtshang Repa spread the Drukpa lineage all over the kingdom of Ladakh as well as Zanskar and Lahaul.
The king of Ladakh also invited Jamgon Ngawang Gyaltsen from Bhutan to visit Ladakh, where the prime minister, the king and royal family members, warmly received him with honour and respect. He gave many teachings to the king and the people of Ladakh and displayed many miracles. Jamgon was particularly famous for his ability to perform miracles and make predictions. He also proved himself to be an expert in making Zung scrolls, mandala drawings and cross-thread objects, which can still be seen in most of the dzongs in Ladakh. Thus he also played a pivotal role in spreading the Drukpa lineage in Ladakh.
The Drukpa Lineage has more than a thousand monasteries in Tibet, Bhutan, Ladakh and other parts of Himalayas and the legacy of guiding countless beings on the path of Dharma and ultimate enlightenment for more than 800 years.
Organisation
The Lho Drukpa (Southern Drukpa) are led by the King of Bhutan and Je Khenpo (an elected office, not a tulku lineage), who is the chief abbot of the Central Monk Body. Both are lineage holders of the Drukpa school. The Shabdrung Rinpoche was the traditional titular head, but his position was usurped over the centuries until he finally fled to India in 1962.
The Chang Drukpa (Northern Drukpa) are led by Jigme Pema Wangchen, the 12th incarnation of the Gyalwang Drukpa. In Kham, Khamtrul Rinpoche traditionally has been the most prominent Drukpa Lineage master, and still commands a huge following in Kham.
Unlike previously where the lineage was divided geographically into Northern, Middle and Southern Drukpa, the Drukpa Lineage masters today often cross these traditional borders and communicate to strengthen the lineage and the teachings. In December 2008, the first of a yearly event known as the Annual Drukpa Council will take place on Druk Amitabha Mountain in Kathmandu, Nepal. Up until May 31, 2008, more than 40 masters of the lineage from India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet have registered for this event and over 2,000 lay practitioners and at least 1,000 monks and nuns or more are expected to meet. The organisers expect no less than 100 spiritual masters of the Drukpa Lineage to come together for the first of such annual gathering. This will be the first time an annual event for the Drukpa Lineage involving all the three major branches will be held, as a concerted effort to reunite the strengths of the Drukpa Lineage and to mend the historical connections of different monasteries and organizations.
In July 2007, when the lineage celebrated its 800-plus-years' legacy in Shey, Ladakh, more than 100,000 attended the event that included celebrations and prayers, as well as mask dancing by 300 nuns. This event, boasted of the first firework in the Himalayas, the first 800 sky lanterns being lit in the Himalayas and the first 12,000 bio-degradable balloons sent to the sky, was covered by international media The event, especially the "Firework Extravaganza" was attended by non-Buddhists in the region and caused the first traffic congestion in Ladakh that lasted for more than three hours. A documentary video based on the celebration, jointly commissioned by Hemis and Chemdrey Monasteries and narrated in Ladakhi by the locally famous Padma Shri Murup Namgyal, known as "Root and Lineage" was an immediate sold-out, it was deemed the best seller in Ladakh .
Recently, under the instruction of His Holiness the Twelfth Gyalwang Drukpa, over 5,000 trees have just been planted in the barren Shey compound where the Druk White Lotus School is located and another 25,000 trees are on the way to be planted, all done under the initiatives of "Live to Love", an engaged spiritual movement launched by His Holiness the Twelfth Gyalwang Drukpa in March 2007. All of the funds were raised solely by His Holiness Gyalwang Drukpa through his Trusts in Europe and United Kingdom. As of June 12, 2008, the first "Live to Love in Action" activity in support of the First Annual Drukpa Council raised over HK$450,000 for the victims in Myammar and Sichuan. A personal supporter of His Holiness the Twelfth Gyalwang Drukpa donated Chinese RMB10million for the earthquake victims in Gansu, neighboring Sichuan, in support of the idea of "Live to Love" initiatives.
The Drukpa Lineage under the guidance of its spiritual masters, in particular His Holiness the Twelfth Gyalwang Drukpa , has established centers across the world, especially in Europe.
Monasteries
Important monasteries of the Drukpa order include:
- Ralung Monastery in central Tibet just north of Bhutan
- Druk Sangag Choeling Monastery
- Hemis Monastery
- Tashichödzong, Thimphu which houses the Central Monk Body in summer
- Punakha Dzong, the winter home of the Central Monk Body
- Namdruk Monastery
Sources
Further reading
External links
- - at HimalayanArt.org
- ~ Bhutanese Drukpa Kagyu Center in the West
- ~ Dongyu Gatsal Ling Nunnery
- ~ Dr. Alex Berzin
- "Togdenma Lineage within the Drukpa Kagyu Tradition")
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