Differential equation
In
mathematics, a differential equation is an equation in which the
derivatives of a function appear as variables. Many of the fundamental laws of physics, chemistry, biology and economics can be formulated as differential equations. The question then becomes how to find the
solutions of those equations.
The mathematical theory of differential equations has developed together with the sciences where the equations originate and where the results find application. Diverse scientific fields often give rise to identical problems in differential equations. In such cases, the mathematical theory can unify otherwise quite distinct scientific fields.
Encyclopedia
In
mathematics, a
differential equation is an equation in which the
derivatives of a function appear as variables. Many of the fundamental laws of physics, chemistry, biology and economics can be formulated as differential equations. The question then becomes how to find the
solutions of those equations.
The mathematical theory of differential equations has developed together with the sciences where the equations originate and where the results find application. Diverse scientific fields often give rise to identical problems in differential equations. In such cases, the mathematical theory can unify otherwise quite distinct scientific fields. A celebrated example is
Fourier's theory of the conduction of heat in terms of sums of trigonometric functions,
Fourier series, which finds application in the propagation of sound, the propagation of electric and magnetic fields, radio waves, optics, elasticity, spectral analysis of radiation, and other scientific fields.
The
order of a differential equation is that of the highest derivative that it contains. For instance, a first-order differential equation contains only first derivatives.
Mathematicians typically also study weak solutions , which are types of solutions that do not have to be differentiable everywhere. This extension is often necessary for solutions to exist, and it also results in more physically reasonable properties of solutions, such as shocks in hyperbolic equations.
Types of differential equations
- An ordinary differential equation only contains functions of one independent variable, and derivatives in that variable.
- A partial differential equation contains functions of multiple independent variables and their partial derivatives.
- A delay differential equation contains functions of one dependent variable, derivatives in that variable, and depends on previous states of the dependent variables.
- A stochastic differential equation is a differential equation in which one or more of the terms is a stochastic process, thus resulting in a solution which is itself a stochastic process.
- A differential algebraic equation is a differential equation comprising differential and algebraic terms, given in implicit form.
Each of those categories is divided into linear and nonlinear subcategories. A differential equation is
linear if it involves the unknown function and its derivatives only to the first power; otherwise the differential equation is
nonlinear. Thus if denotes the first derivative of
u, then the equation
is
linear. while the equation
is nonlinear. Solutions of a linear equation in which the unknown function or its derivative or derivatives appear in each term may be added together or multiplied by an arbitrary constant in order to obtain additional solutions of that equation, but there is no general way to obtain families of solutions of nonlinear equations, except when they exhibit symmetries; see
symmetries and invariants. Linear equations frequently appear as approximations to nonlinear equations, and these approximations are only valid under restricted conditions.
The theory of differential equations is closely related to the theory of difference equations, in which the coordinates assume only discrete values, and the relationship involves values of the unknown function or functions and values at nearby coordinates. Many methods to compute numerical solutions of differential equations or study the properties of differential equations involve approximation of the solution of a differential equation by the solution of a corresponding difference equation.
The study of differential equations is a wide field in both pure and applied mathematics. Pure mathematicians study the types and properties of differential equations, such as whether or not solutions exist, and should they exist, whether they are unique. Applied mathematicians emphasize differential equations from applications, and in addition to existence/uniqueness questions, are also concerned with rigorously justifying methods for approximating solutions. Physicists and engineers are usually more interested in computing approximate solutions to differential equations, and are typically less interested in justifications for whether these approximations really are close to the actual solutions. These solutions are then used to simulate celestial motions, design bridges, automobiles, aircraft, sewers, etc. Often, these equations do not have closed form solutions and are solved using numerical methods.
The study of the stability of solutions of differential equations is known as stability theory.
Famous differential equations
See also
- Picard–Lindelöf theorem on existence and uniqueness of solutions
References
- D. Zwillinger, Handbook of Differential Equations , Academic Press, Boston, 1997.
- A. D. Polyanin and V. F. Zaitsev, Handbook of Exact Solutions for Ordinary Differential Equations , Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2003. ISBN 1-58488-297-2.
- W. Johnson, , John Wiley and Sons, 1913, in
- Wikibooks,
- E.L. Ince, Ordinary Differential Equations, Dover Publications, 1956
External links
- MIT Open CourseWare video
- Paul Dawkins, Lamar University
- , S.O.S. Mathematics
- Introduction to modeling by means of differential equations, with critical remarks.
- Java applet tool used to solve differential equations.
