Communist Party of Fiume
Encyclopedia
The Communist Party of Fiume was instituted on November 1921, after the proclamation of the Free State of Fiume
created by the Treaty of Rapallo
. The Communist Party of Fiume was the smallest Communist Party
in the world at the time. It was founded following the principles of the Third International, according to which each sovereign State had to have its own Communist Party organization.
led by the Italian poet Gabriele D'Annunzio
.
Albino Stalzer however proved instrumental in providing working class support to the autonomists of Riccardo Zanella
. After the autonomist victory at the elections for the Constituent Assembly on 24 April 1921 the local Fascio
staged a coup d'état. In opposition, the Camera del Lavoro (controlled by the Socialists) proclaimed a general strike, but when its leaders Antonio Zamparo and G. Holly were arrested by dictator Riccardo Gigante a cessation of the strike was proclaimed. Thanks to the Cooperativa dei Lavoratori del Porto the strike continued motu proprio
, forcing the “Exceptional Government” of “Dictator” Gigante to resign and allow the entry of the Alpine troops in Fiume, as requested by the Italian plenipotentiary Carlo Caccia Dominioni
.
The Cooperativa dei Lavoratori del Porto of Stalzer proved to be the main organised force of the opposition to the “dictator Gigante”, and this was the single most important action done by the leftist organisations in the Free State of Fiume
. Moreover, it had clear autonomist underpinnings: what was contested was not only the fascist organisation of the putsch, but its Italian annexationist character.
The normalisation of the situation that followed to the inauguration of the Zanella government in October 1921 enabled the holding of a Fiume Socialist Congress in November, where (as happened in Italy) a Communist Party was formed. The Party originated from a split within the Socialist Party in Fiume, following on from the secession of the Italian Communists
from the Socialists
in Livorno on 13 November 1921. On 11 November 1921, the Socialist Party of Fiume joined officially the Communist International.
The “old Socialist Party of Fiume” had to discuss the Twenty-one Conditions
of Moscow, which had not been discussed at the previous congress since at that time (22 August 1921), in Fiume reigned a “regime of terror”, when the party's “best comrades” were expelled and persecuted. At the Socialist meeting old members were reintegrated into the party. Among them was Árpád Simon, a Hungarian Jew who escaped to Fiume after the failure of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
of Béla Kun
and was proclaimed Secretary of the Communist Party of Fiume. The Party accepted the leadership of Lenin and proclaimed him honorary president of the party.
The meeting illustrated the division between two factions: the Communists and the Unitarians. The unitarians adopted Lenin's "Twenty-one Conditions" but stated its will to preserve the old name of "Socialist Party", and omitted the intention to eliminate the reformers and the centrists.
After the elections where the communist faction prevailed, a “mozione della frazione comunista” was passed: it implied adhesion to the Third Communist International, the adoption of the new name of "Partito Comunista di Fiume, (sezione della III internazionale Comunista)", the adoption of organization and tactics from the second Congress of the Communist International, subordination to the international direction centres, and the adhesion of local labour organisations to the Red International of Labour Unions.
The party declared its will to participate in the elections but only whilst keeping its “revolutionary purpose" of overthrowing “bourgeois democracy” well in mind.
Simon declared that the Socialist Party ceased to exist and in its place the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume (Partito Comunista dello Stato libero di Fiume) was constituted. The unitarian socialists were put on a defensive: although they accepted the 21 points and promised not to infringe the unity of the United Proletarian Front,
given the “incommensurable difficulties” of organizing a proletarian party in a bilingual environment, the name Socialist Party had to be retained.
The party issued several articles on the Lavoratore from Trieste and Lo Stato operaio from Milan, not a single one being published in the Yugoslav communist press, since the organization turned to Italy for its inspiration and guidelines.
On 28 November the Executive Committee of the Partito Comunista d’Italia
sent a salutory letter to the Partito Comunista di Fiume. Again, the relationship is always with the PCI, the Yugoslav party is never mentioned.
The funeral of Cesare Seassaro
, was the only mass meeting ever organised by the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume, where several speakers participated. The Young Communist International
was represented at the meeting by a speaker – the Italian delegate Secondino Tranquilli, later known as Ignazio Silone
.
Notably, the Communist Party of Fiume had direct official relationships with the Partito Comunista d’Italia, while the Yugoslav Communist party is never mentioned. The contacts with the Hungarian Communists
were of an informal nature, but definitely important, and continued well into the 1920s. The main party cadres came from Hungary after the end of the revolution. Ella (Gabriella) Seidenfeld was the liaison of the Partito comunista di Fiume with the Communist Party of Italy and her sister Serena married Ignazio Silone.
In a letter sent by the Communist Party of Italy to the Federazione gioventù comunista di Fiume it is transparent that the Partito comunista di Fiume is considered by the Communist Party of Italy as a trait d'union with the Yugoslavs.
Nevertheless, as for the Fascists, for the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume the biggest enemy was Albino Stalzer.
In the Preamble the Party proclaimed its full adhesion to the revolutionary stances and principles of the II International. The Party was organized in sections along city districts. Each section elected an Executive Committee, that nominated the various commissions (evaluation of candidatures, Communist Youth etc.). The Central Committee had 15 members who nominated the executive committee of 5 members assumes the direction of the communist organ propaganda. The Congress was the sovereign manifestation of the Party. Article 54 allowed for the possibility of the members of the Socialist Party to enter the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume, within one month.
After the fascist putsch that struck down the Zanella government, the secretary of the Triestine section of the Italian Communist Party, Cavaciocchi, arrived immediately in Fiume, where in an interview with the Vedetta d'Italia he implicitly expressed solidarity with the fascist action against the “bourgeois” Zanella.
Again; it was Stalzer who protested the fascist violence, which he denounced in a paper titled L’Ultima ora, and later with a manifesto and some clandestine leaflets where he denounced the curious solidarity between the fascists and the local communists. That was his last action, before leaving for Portorè
where he joined Zanella in his exile, later living an isolated private life on the edge of misery and oblivion.
In September 1922, in a second public announcement, the Communist Party of Fiume condemned publicly the “Primo Partito comunista di Fiume” led by Albino Stalzer, with the charge that the party was close to the “bourgeois autonomist party” (solidale col partito autonomo (borghese) di Zanella) and for his solidarity with Zanella in Portorè.
On 10 October 1922 the delegates of the Communist Party of Fiume were nominated for the IV Congress of the Third International and the II Congress of the Red International of Labour Unions. The secretary of the C.C. of the Partito comunista di Fiume, the Hungarian Jew, Arpad Simon, was elected and proposed Stefan Popper (a Hungarian Jew) as representative of the Partito comunista di Fiume at the conference. If he was to refuse, the Italian communist party delegation at the conference had the full mandate to represent the Communist Party of Fiume .
Progressively, as the fascists extended their power in the city, the activity of the Communist Party of Fiume dwindled. The press releases and reports of the party during the 1923 are defensive acts written after some of the members of the Communist Party of Fiume or simple sympathizers were attacked or arrested.
The last ones were published in the Milanese paper “Lo Stato Operaio”, after the devastation of the Il Lavoratore offices in Trieste
. With the communique of the Executive committee, dated November the 1st 1923, the Milanese paper become (as it was for Italy) the official press organ for the Communist Party of Fiume.
The slogans of this proclamation are almost entirely autonomist.
Distrust in the League of Nations
was openly proclaimed, the invoked the action of the proletariat of Italy, Yugoslavia and asked for the protection by Soviet Russia.
The Manifesto had to be signed also by the Italian P.C.d'It and by the Yugoslav Nezavisna radnička partija Jugoslavije.
The answer provided by the P.C.d'It was very disappointing for the Communist Party of Fiume, since they deemed any action as hopeless.
Neither did the Yugoslav Communist Party do anything to oppose the Treaty, as it did not oppose the annexation of Fiume to Italy. In the meanwhile, the faction of the autonomist Communists led by Stalzer went to Zanella and was widely opposed by the Partito comunista di Fiume. The Communist Party of Fiume, before its dissolution was definitely connected to the P.C.d'It, subordinated to the local section in Trieste, that acts as its main organizational and ideological support.
Free State of Fiume
The Free State of Fiume was an independent free state which existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory of comprised the city of Fiume and rural areas to its north, with a corridor to its west connecting it to Italy.-History:Fiume gained autonomy for the first time in 1719 when it was proclaimed...
created by the Treaty of Rapallo
Treaty of Rapallo, 1920
The Treaty of Rapallo was a treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , signed to solve the dispute over some territories in the upper Adriatic, in Dalmatia and in the region which became known as the Julian March.The treaty was signed on 12 November 1920 in...
. The Communist Party of Fiume was the smallest Communist Party
Communist party
A political party described as a Communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of communism through a communist form of government...
in the world at the time. It was founded following the principles of the Third International, according to which each sovereign State had to have its own Communist Party organization.
Origins
After 1918 the Socialist Party of Fiume, under the lead of Samuel Maylender became the Partito Socialista Internazionale di Fiume. In 1919, a local Communist Party, was founded independently (and almost single-handedly) by Albino Stalzer in 1919, by mobilising the local dockers. Stalzer and Schneider founded also a Cooperativa dei Lavoratori del Porto, whose influence proved to be much greater that that of the Communist Party itself. In 1920 both had a difficult existence during the occupation of FiumeItalian Regency of Carnaro
The Italian Regency of Carnaro was a self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume led by Gabriele d'Annunzio between 1919 and 1920.-Impresa di Fiume:...
led by the Italian poet Gabriele D'Annunzio
Gabriele D'Annunzio
Gabriele D'Annunzio or d'Annunzio was an Italian poet, journalist, novelist, and dramatist...
.
Albino Stalzer however proved instrumental in providing working class support to the autonomists of Riccardo Zanella
Riccardo Zanella
Riccardo Zanella was the only elected president of the short lived Free State of Fiume.Zanella was born to an Italian father and Slovene mother in Rijeka, Austria-Hungary . He attended Hungarian Commercial School in Rijeka and Budapest. Soon he was professor of bookkeeping in the same school in...
. After the autonomist victory at the elections for the Constituent Assembly on 24 April 1921 the local Fascio
Fascio
Fascio, plural -sci /'faʃʃo, ʃi/ is an Italian word literally meaning "a bundle" or "a sheaf", and figuratively league, and which was used in the late 19th century to refer to political groups of many different orientations...
staged a coup d'état. In opposition, the Camera del Lavoro (controlled by the Socialists) proclaimed a general strike, but when its leaders Antonio Zamparo and G. Holly were arrested by dictator Riccardo Gigante a cessation of the strike was proclaimed. Thanks to the Cooperativa dei Lavoratori del Porto the strike continued motu proprio
Motu proprio
A motu proprio is a document issued by the Pope on his own initiative and personally signed by him....
, forcing the “Exceptional Government” of “Dictator” Gigante to resign and allow the entry of the Alpine troops in Fiume, as requested by the Italian plenipotentiary Carlo Caccia Dominioni
Carlo Caccia Dominioni
Carlo Caccia Dominioni was an Italian prelate, who become auxiliary bishop of Milan.- Life :Born in Milan in the noble family of Caccia Dominioni he entered in 1812 in the seminary of Milan, then in 1826 he was ordained a priest...
.
The Cooperativa dei Lavoratori del Porto of Stalzer proved to be the main organised force of the opposition to the “dictator Gigante”, and this was the single most important action done by the leftist organisations in the Free State of Fiume
Free State of Fiume
The Free State of Fiume was an independent free state which existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory of comprised the city of Fiume and rural areas to its north, with a corridor to its west connecting it to Italy.-History:Fiume gained autonomy for the first time in 1719 when it was proclaimed...
. Moreover, it had clear autonomist underpinnings: what was contested was not only the fascist organisation of the putsch, but its Italian annexationist character.
The normalisation of the situation that followed to the inauguration of the Zanella government in October 1921 enabled the holding of a Fiume Socialist Congress in November, where (as happened in Italy) a Communist Party was formed. The Party originated from a split within the Socialist Party in Fiume, following on from the secession of the Italian Communists
Communist Party of Italy
The Communist Party of Italy was a communist political party in Italy which existed from 1921 to 1926. That year it was outlawed by Benito Mussolini's fascist regime. In 1943, the name was changed to the Italian Communist Party.-Foundation:The forerunner of the party was the Communist Faction...
from the Socialists
Italian Socialist Party
The Italian Socialist Party was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy founded in Genoa in 1892.Once the dominant leftist party in Italy, it was eclipsed in status by the Italian Communist Party following World War II...
in Livorno on 13 November 1921. On 11 November 1921, the Socialist Party of Fiume joined officially the Communist International.
The “old Socialist Party of Fiume” had to discuss the Twenty-one Conditions
Twenty-one Conditions
The Twenty-one Conditions, officially the Conditions of Admission to the Communist International, refer to the conditions given by Vladimir Lenin to the adhesion of the socialists to the Third International created in 1919 after the 1917 October Revolution. The conditions were formally adopted by...
of Moscow, which had not been discussed at the previous congress since at that time (22 August 1921), in Fiume reigned a “regime of terror”, when the party's “best comrades” were expelled and persecuted. At the Socialist meeting old members were reintegrated into the party. Among them was Árpád Simon, a Hungarian Jew who escaped to Fiume after the failure of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
Hungarian Soviet Republic
The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Soviet Republic of Hungary was a short-lived Communist state established in Hungary in the aftermath of World War I....
of Béla Kun
Béla Kun
Béla Kun , born Béla Kohn, was a Hungarian Communist politician and a Bolshevik Revolutionary who led the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919.- Early life :...
and was proclaimed Secretary of the Communist Party of Fiume. The Party accepted the leadership of Lenin and proclaimed him honorary president of the party.
The meeting illustrated the division between two factions: the Communists and the Unitarians. The unitarians adopted Lenin's "Twenty-one Conditions" but stated its will to preserve the old name of "Socialist Party", and omitted the intention to eliminate the reformers and the centrists.
After the elections where the communist faction prevailed, a “mozione della frazione comunista” was passed: it implied adhesion to the Third Communist International, the adoption of the new name of "Partito Comunista di Fiume, (sezione della III internazionale Comunista)", the adoption of organization and tactics from the second Congress of the Communist International, subordination to the international direction centres, and the adhesion of local labour organisations to the Red International of Labour Unions.
The party declared its will to participate in the elections but only whilst keeping its “revolutionary purpose" of overthrowing “bourgeois democracy” well in mind.
Simon declared that the Socialist Party ceased to exist and in its place the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume (Partito Comunista dello Stato libero di Fiume) was constituted. The unitarian socialists were put on a defensive: although they accepted the 21 points and promised not to infringe the unity of the United Proletarian Front,
given the “incommensurable difficulties” of organizing a proletarian party in a bilingual environment, the name Socialist Party had to be retained.
The party issued several articles on the Lavoratore from Trieste and Lo Stato operaio from Milan, not a single one being published in the Yugoslav communist press, since the organization turned to Italy for its inspiration and guidelines.
On 28 November the Executive Committee of the Partito Comunista d’Italia
Communist Party of Italy
The Communist Party of Italy was a communist political party in Italy which existed from 1921 to 1926. That year it was outlawed by Benito Mussolini's fascist regime. In 1943, the name was changed to the Italian Communist Party.-Foundation:The forerunner of the party was the Communist Faction...
sent a salutory letter to the Partito Comunista di Fiume. Again, the relationship is always with the PCI, the Yugoslav party is never mentioned.
The funeral of Cesare Seassaro
Cesare Seassaro
Cesare Seassaro was a socialist publicist, born in Pavia on March, the 25th, 1891. Author in 1918 of Cooperazione e municipalizzazione. La personalità giuridica dell’azienda municipalizzata. After the Great War, Cesare Seassaro was a socialist–catholic and ex-combatant. later he turned to the left...
, was the only mass meeting ever organised by the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume, where several speakers participated. The Young Communist International
Young Communist International
The Young Communist International was the parallel international youth organization affiliated with the Communist International .-International socialist youth organization before World War I:...
was represented at the meeting by a speaker – the Italian delegate Secondino Tranquilli, later known as Ignazio Silone
Ignazio Silone
Ignazio Silone was the pseudonym of Secondino Tranquilli, an Italian author and politician.-Early life and career:...
.
Notably, the Communist Party of Fiume had direct official relationships with the Partito Comunista d’Italia, while the Yugoslav Communist party is never mentioned. The contacts with the Hungarian Communists
Hungarian Communist Party
The Communist Party of Hungary , renamed Hungarian Communist Party in 1945, was founded on November 24, 1918, and was in power in Hungary briefly from March to August 1919 under Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The communist government was overthrown by the Romanian Army and driven...
were of an informal nature, but definitely important, and continued well into the 1920s. The main party cadres came from Hungary after the end of the revolution. Ella (Gabriella) Seidenfeld was the liaison of the Partito comunista di Fiume with the Communist Party of Italy and her sister Serena married Ignazio Silone.
In a letter sent by the Communist Party of Italy to the Federazione gioventù comunista di Fiume it is transparent that the Partito comunista di Fiume is considered by the Communist Party of Italy as a trait d'union with the Yugoslavs.
Nevertheless, as for the Fascists, for the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume the biggest enemy was Albino Stalzer.
Aftermath
The Partito comunista di Fiume showed some activity in 1922: in January it publicly announced its birth via a public announcement, and at the beginning of 1922 the Statute of the Partito comunista di Fiume was published (Mozione comunista and the Statuto del Partito comunista di Fiume).In the Preamble the Party proclaimed its full adhesion to the revolutionary stances and principles of the II International. The Party was organized in sections along city districts. Each section elected an Executive Committee, that nominated the various commissions (evaluation of candidatures, Communist Youth etc.). The Central Committee had 15 members who nominated the executive committee of 5 members assumes the direction of the communist organ propaganda. The Congress was the sovereign manifestation of the Party. Article 54 allowed for the possibility of the members of the Socialist Party to enter the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume, within one month.
After the fascist putsch that struck down the Zanella government, the secretary of the Triestine section of the Italian Communist Party, Cavaciocchi, arrived immediately in Fiume, where in an interview with the Vedetta d'Italia he implicitly expressed solidarity with the fascist action against the “bourgeois” Zanella.
Again; it was Stalzer who protested the fascist violence, which he denounced in a paper titled L’Ultima ora, and later with a manifesto and some clandestine leaflets where he denounced the curious solidarity between the fascists and the local communists. That was his last action, before leaving for Portorè
Kraljevica
Kraljevica is a town in the Kvarner region of the country of Croatia, located between Rijeka and Crikvenica, approximately thirty kilometers from Opatija and near the entrance to the bridge to the island of Krk...
where he joined Zanella in his exile, later living an isolated private life on the edge of misery and oblivion.
In September 1922, in a second public announcement, the Communist Party of Fiume condemned publicly the “Primo Partito comunista di Fiume” led by Albino Stalzer, with the charge that the party was close to the “bourgeois autonomist party” (solidale col partito autonomo (borghese) di Zanella) and for his solidarity with Zanella in Portorè.
On 10 October 1922 the delegates of the Communist Party of Fiume were nominated for the IV Congress of the Third International and the II Congress of the Red International of Labour Unions. The secretary of the C.C. of the Partito comunista di Fiume, the Hungarian Jew, Arpad Simon, was elected and proposed Stefan Popper (a Hungarian Jew) as representative of the Partito comunista di Fiume at the conference. If he was to refuse, the Italian communist party delegation at the conference had the full mandate to represent the Communist Party of Fiume .
Progressively, as the fascists extended their power in the city, the activity of the Communist Party of Fiume dwindled. The press releases and reports of the party during the 1923 are defensive acts written after some of the members of the Communist Party of Fiume or simple sympathizers were attacked or arrested.
The last ones were published in the Milanese paper “Lo Stato Operaio”, after the devastation of the Il Lavoratore offices in Trieste
Trieste
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city...
. With the communique of the Executive committee, dated November the 1st 1923, the Milanese paper become (as it was for Italy) the official press organ for the Communist Party of Fiume.
Dissolution
The last action of the Communist Party of Fiume was a Manifesto, directed against the annexation of the City to Italy. The document dated 9 November 1923, is the last act of the party.The slogans of this proclamation are almost entirely autonomist.
Distrust in the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
was openly proclaimed, the invoked the action of the proletariat of Italy, Yugoslavia and asked for the protection by Soviet Russia.
The Manifesto had to be signed also by the Italian P.C.d'It and by the Yugoslav Nezavisna radnička partija Jugoslavije.
The answer provided by the P.C.d'It was very disappointing for the Communist Party of Fiume, since they deemed any action as hopeless.
Neither did the Yugoslav Communist Party do anything to oppose the Treaty, as it did not oppose the annexation of Fiume to Italy. In the meanwhile, the faction of the autonomist Communists led by Stalzer went to Zanella and was widely opposed by the Partito comunista di Fiume. The Communist Party of Fiume, before its dissolution was definitely connected to the P.C.d'It, subordinated to the local section in Trieste, that acts as its main organizational and ideological support.
See also
- List of delegates of the 1st Comintern congress
- List of delegates of the 2nd Comintern congress
- List of Communist Parties
- List of members of the Comintern
Further reading
- Borsanyi, Gyorgy The life of a Communist revolutionary, Bela Kun translated by Mario Fenyo, Boulder, Colorado : Social Science Monographs ; New York: Distributed by Columbia University PressColumbia University PressColumbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. It is currently directed by James D. Jordan and publishes titles in the humanities and sciences, including the fields of literary and cultural studies, history, social work, sociology,...
, 1993.
- Janos, Andrew C. & Slottman, William (editors) Revolution in perspective : essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919: Published for the University of California, Berkeley, Center for Slavic and East European Studies, Berkeley, California: University of California PressUniversity of California PressUniversity of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish books and papers for the faculty of the University of California, established 25 years earlier in 1868...
, 1971.
- Menczer, Bela "Bela Kun and the Hungarian Revolution of 1919" pages 299–309 Volume XIX, Issue #5, May 1969, History Today History Today Inc: London, United Kingdom.
- Pastor, Peter, Hungary between Wilson and Lenin : the Hungarian revolution of 1918–1919 and the Big Three, Boulder, Colorado: East European Quarterly ; New York : distributed by Columbia University Press, 1976.
- Szilassy, Sándor Revolutionary Hungary, 1918–1921, Astor Park. Florida, Danubian Press 1971.
- Tokes, Rudolf Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic : the origins and role of the Communist Party of Hungary in the revolutions of 1918–1919 New York : published for the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California, by F.A. Praeger, 1967.
- Volgyes, Ivan (editor) Hungary in revolution, 1918–19 : nine essays Lincoln : University of Nebraska PressUniversity of Nebraska PressThe University of Nebraska Press, founded in 1941, is a publisher of scholarly and popular-press books. It is the second-largest state university press in the United States and, including private institutions, ranks among the 10 largest university presses in the United States...
, 1971.
- La nascita del Partito Comunista d'Italia (Livorno 1921), ed. L'Internazionale, Milano 1981.
- La lotta del Partito Comunista d'Italia (Strategia e tattica della rivoluzione, 1921–1922), ed. L'Internazionale, Milano 1984.
- Il partito decapitato (La sostituzione del gruppo dirigente del P.C.d'It., 1923–24), L'Internazionale, Milano 1988.
- La liquidazione della sinistra del P.C.d'It. (1925), L'Internazionale, Milano 1991.
- Partito Comunista d'Italia, Secondo Congresso Nazionale – Relazione del CC, Reprint FeltrinelliFeltrinelliFeltrinelli may refer to:* Feltrinelli - Italian publishing house* Giangiacomo Feltrinelli - founder of the publishing house* Antonio Feltrinelli Prizes - awarded by the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei since 1950 in various fields of arts, sciences and "exceptional endeavours of outstanding moral...
, 1922, .
External links
- Comintern Archives
- Comintern Archives
- Article on the Third International from the Encyclopedia Britannica
- Workers' Internationals, at Marxist Internet Archive
- Report from Moscow, 3rd International congress, 1920 by Otto RühleOtto RühleOtto Rühle was a German Marxist active in opposition to both the First and Second World Wars, and a founder with along with Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, Franz Mehring and others of the group and magazine Internationale, which posed a revolutionary internationalism against a world of warring...
- Comintern History Archive Marxists Internet Archive
- The Communist International Journal of the Comintern, Marxists Internet Archive
- Historical Archive of the Communist Left with hundreds of documents of PCd'I