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Chelev
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Cheilev or Cheilev in Judaism is the animal fat which was consumed on the mizbe'ah (altar) as for the korban ritual, and is therefor forbidden to be eaten by Jewish humans. Whereas Shuman are called those fats which were not offered, and therefor kosher for human consumption.
The punishment for eating chelev bemeizid (on purpose) is kares.

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Encyclopedia
Cheilev or Cheilev in Judaism is the animal fat which was consumed on the mizbe'ah (altar) as for the korban ritual, and is therefor forbidden to be eaten by Jewish humans. Whereas Shuman are called those fats which were not offered, and therefor kosher for human consumption.
The punishment for eating chelev bemeizid (on purpose) is kares. The atonement for eating it by mistake is to bring a Korban Hattath (atonement sacrifice).
Terminology
The prohibition on Chelev is only regrading those animal types which where used as Korban: Cattle, Lamb and Goat, which are the only kosher domestic livestock. Fats from Avians and Deer may be eaten, and different types of Bovinae are in state of doubt.
In order that fat should be considered Chelev it must look like a sheet of fats, like a thick fibrous skin that can be removed (see picture). Some Tendons and muscles are also removed due to the rabbinic law, since they are neighboring and resolving some Chelev.
The Chelev must be removed by a qualified Menaker in a process called Nikkur (purging).
The fats surrounding the kidneys are called Chelev haKloyoth, and are considered non kosher.
Abdominal Fats The sheet of fat which is covering the interior of the Abdominopelvic cavity is real Chelev, besides at some regions where it is covered with steak, not with skin or tendon. However even where it is covered with meat, there is some fat which is exceptionally still forbidden, since could occasionally get uncovered while the animals walks. Therefor one must be well trained from qualified personnel in order to identify any kosher fat.
Digestive system Fats
There are many fats around the digestive organs such as the stomach and intestines, and one must be highly educated and trained in order to identify them.
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