Encyclopedia
A
deer is a
ruminant mammal belonging to the
family Cervidae. A number of broadly similar animals, from related families within the order
Artiodactyla, are often also called
deer.
Depending on their species, male deer are called
stags,
harts,
bucks or
bulls, and females are called
hinds,
does or
cows. Young deer are called
calves or
fawns .
Hart is an expression for a stag, particularly a
Red Deer stag past its fifth year. It is not commonly used, but an example is in
Shakespeare's "
Romeo and Juliet" when
Tybalt refers to the brawling Montagues and Capulets as
hartless hinds. "The White Hart" and "The Red Hart" are common English
pub names.
Deer are widely distributed, and hunted, with representatives in all continents except
Australia,
Antarctica, and
Africa. Australia does have six
introduced species of deer that have established sustainable wild populations from Acclimatisation Society releases in the 19th Century. These are
Fallow Deer,
Red Deer,
Sambar Deer,
Hog Deer, Rusa deer, and
Chital Deer. Although exotic to the continent, environmental factors restrict their ranges to habitable patches, thereby preventing any one species from becoming a serious pest. Red Deer introduced into
New Zealand in early 1900s have been largely domesticated in deer farms since the late 1960s and are common farm animals there now.
Deer differ from other ruminants in that they have antlers instead of horns. Antlers are bony growths that develop each year and, in general, it is only male deer that develop them . A young buck's first pair of antlers grow from two tiny bumps on their head that they have had from birth. The antlers grow wrapped in a thick layer of velvet and remain that way for one month, until the bone inside is hard; later the velvet is shed. During the mating season, bucks use their antlers to fight one another for the opportunity to attract mates in a given herd. The two bucks circle each other, bend back their legs, lower their heads, and charge.
A doe generally has one or two fawns at a time . The gestation period is anywhere between 160 days in the musk deer to ten months for the
roe deer. Most fawns are born with their fur covered with white spots, though they lose their spots once they get older . In the first twenty minutes of a fawn's life, the fawn begins to take its first steps. Its mother licks it clean until it is almost free of scent, so predators will not find it. Its mother leaves often, and the fawn does not like to be left behind. Sometimes its mother must gently push it down with her foot. The fawn stays hidden in the grass for one week until it is strong enough to walk with its mother. After two days, a fawn is able to walk, and by three weeks it can run and jump. The fawn and its mother stay together for about one year. They then go their separate ways. A male usually never sees his mother again, but females sometimes come back with their own fawns and form small herds.
Deer generally have lithe, compact bodies and long, powerful legs suited for rugged woodland terrain. Deer are also excellent swimmers. Their lower cheek teeth have crescent ridges of enamel, which enable them to grind a wide variety of vegetation. Deer are ruminants or cud-chewers and have a four-chambered stomach. Nearly all deer have a facial gland in front of each eye. The gland contains a strongly scented substance called
pheromone, used to mark its home range. Bucks of a wide range of species open these glands wide when angry or excited. Except for the musk deer, all deer have a
liver without a
gallbladder. The musk deer, along with the
Chinese water deer also differ from other species in that they have no antlers and bear upper canines developed into tusks.
There are about 34 species of deer worldwide, divided into two broad groups: the old world group includes the subfamilies Muntiacinae and Cervinae; the new world deer the subfamilies Hydropotinae and Capreolinae. Note that the terms indicate the origin of the groups, not their modern distribution: the
Water Deer, for example, is a new world species but is found only in
China and
Korea.
It is thought that the new world group evolved about 5 million years ago in the forests of
North America and
Siberia, the old world deer in
Asia.
Genera and species of deer
The family Cervidae is organized as follows:
- Subfamily Hydropotinae
- Subfamily Muntiacinae
...
or
Thorold's Deer...
Deer are selective feeders. They feed on
leaves. They have small, unspecialised
stomachs by
herbivore standards, and high nutrition requirements: ingesting sufficient minerals to grow a new pair of antlers every year is a significant task. Rather than attempt to digest vast quantities of low-grade, fibrous food as, for example,
sheep and
cattle do, deer select easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh
grasses, soft twigs,
fruit,
fungi, and
lichens.
Deer have long had economic significance to humans. While they are generally not as easily domesticated as
sheep,
goats,
pigs, and even
cattle, the association between people and deer is very old. Deer meat, for which they are hunted and farmed, is called venison.
Musk, which comes from the gland on the
abdomen of musk deer, is used in medicenes and perfumes. Deerskin is used for shoes, boots, and gloves, and antlers are made into buttons and knife handles. The
Saami of
Scandinavia and the
Kola Peninsula of
Russia and other nomadic peoples of northern
Asia used
reindeer for food, clothing, and transport. The
caribou is not domesticated or herded as is the case in
Europe but is important to the
Inuit. Most commercial venison in the
United States is imported from
New Zealand. Deer were originally brought to New Zealand by European settlers, and the deer population rose rapidly. This caused great environmental damage and was controlled by hunting and poisoning until the concept of deer farming in the 1960s. Deer farms in New Zealand number more than 3,500, with more than 400,000 deer in all.
Hybrid deer
In
Origin of Species by English [i] naturalist [i] ...
Charles Darwin wrote "Although I do not know of any thoroughly well-authenticated cases of perfectly fertile hybrid animals, I have some reason to believe that the hybrids from Cervulus vaginalis and Reevesii [...] are perfectly fertile." These two varieties of muntjac are currently considered the same species.
A number of deer hybrids are bred to improve meat yield in farmed deer. Once considered separate species because of the great differences between them, American Elk and Red Deer from the Old World can produce fertile offspring, and are now considered one species. The hybrids are about 30% more efficient in producing antler by comparing velvet to body weight. Wapiti have been introduced into some European Red Deer herds to improve the Red Deer type, but not always with the intended improvement.
In New Zealand, where deer are introduced species, there are hybrid zones between Red Deer and North American Wapiti populations and also between Red Deer and Sika Deer populations. In New Zealand Red Deer have been artificially hybridized with Pere David Deer in order to create a farmed deer which gives birth in spring. The initial hybrids were created by artificial insemination and back-crossed to Red Deer.
In Canada, the farming of European Red Deer and Red Deer hybrids is considered a threat to native Wapiti. In Britain, the introduced Sika Deer is considered a threat to native Red Deer. Initial Sika Deer/Red Deer hybrids occur when young Sika stags expand their range into established red deer areas and have no Sika hinds to mate with. They mate instead with young Red hinds and produce fertile hybrids. These hybrids mate with either Sika or Red Deer , resulting in mongrelization. Many of the Sika Deer which escaped from British parks were probably already hybrids for this reason.
In captivity, Mule Deer have been mated to White-tail Deer. Both male Mule Deer/female White-tail and male White-tail/female Mule deer matings have produced hybrids. Less than 50% of the hybrid fawns survived their first few months. Hybrids have been reported in the wild but are disadvantaged because they don't properly inherit survival strategies. Mule Deer move with bounding leaps to escape predators. Stotting is so specialized that only 100% genetically pure Mule Deer seem able to do it. In captive hybrids, even a one-eighth White-tail/seven-eighths Mule Deer hybrid has an erratic
escape behaviour and would be unlikely to survive to breeding age. Hybrids do survive on game ranches where both species are kept and where predators are controlled by man.
Antlers
- A stag having 14 points is an "imperial".
- A stag having 12 points is a "royal".
Fictional deer
- For role of deer in mythology, see deer in mythology.
- In Christmas lore , reindeer are believed to pull the sleigh of Santa Claus.
- One famous fictional deer is Bambi. Contrary to what most people believe, in the Disney movie Bambi is the fifth animated feature [i] in the Disney animated features canon [i], originally releas ...
, he is a white-tailed deer, while in Felix Salten's original book Bambi, A Life in the Woods, he is a roe deer. - In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy [i] novel for children by C. S. Lewis [i] ...
, a white stag, said to grant one wish to the one who catches him, misleads the Pevensie children in the forest. Lost, they stumble back through the wardrobe to return to our world, ending their adventure. - Saint Hubertus saw a stag with a crucifix between its antlers while hunting on Good Friday and was converted to Christianity by the vision.
- In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third book in the Harry Potter [i] series of chi ...
, the Patronus Charm that Harry Potter conjures up to scare away the Dementors is a silver stag. James Potter, Harry's father, had an Animagus form as a stag. - On the television series Angel, one episode depicts the hart as the last of three animals symbolically representing the evil law firm of Wolfram & Hart.
- In one of the stories of Baron Munchhausen, the baron encounters a stag while eating cherries and without ammunition. He fires the cherry-pits at the stag with his musket, but it escapes. The next year, the baron encounters a stag with a cherry tree growing from its head; presumably this is the animal he had shot at the previous year.
- A Samurai warrior named Honda Tadakatsu famously adorned deer antlers on his helmet.
- Deer has been a subject in Chinese painting
...
numerous times as a tranquility symbol.
- In The Animals of Farthing Wood, a deer called The Great White Stag is the leader of all the animal residents of the nature reserve
- Conservation designation [i]
...
White Deer Park.
See also
