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Carboxylation
 
 
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Carboxylation in chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
 is a chemical reaction
Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
 in which a carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the Chemical formula -COH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H....
 group is introduced in a substrate. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation
Decarboxylation

Decarboxylation is any chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group is split off from a compound as carbon dioxide ....
.

a class="link1" onMouseover='showByLink("m780947",this)' onMouseout='hide("m780947")'href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Organic_chemistry">organic chemistry
Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a discipline within chemistry which involves the science study of the structure, properties, composition, chemical reaction, and preparation of chemical compounds that contain carbon....
 many different protocols exist for carboxylation. One general approach is by reaction of nucleophile
Nucleophile

In chemistry, a nucleophile is a reagent that forms a chemical bond to its reaction partner by donating both bonding electrons. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are by definition Lewis bases ....
s with dry ice
Dry ice

Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. It is commonly used as a versatile cooling agent.Dry ice Sublimation , changing directly to a gas at atmospheric pressure....
 (solid carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
) or formic acid
Formic acid

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is hydrogencarbonoxygenOH or CH2O2. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in the venom of bee and ant stingers....
 

oxylation in biochemistry
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
 is a posttranslational modification
Posttranslational modification

Posttranslational modification is the chemistry modification of a protein after its translation . It is one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis for many proteins....
 of glutamate residues in proteins.






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Carboxylation in chemistry
Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
 is a chemical reaction
Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
 in which a carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the Chemical formula -COH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H....
 group is introduced in a substrate. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation
Decarboxylation

Decarboxylation is any chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group is split off from a compound as carbon dioxide ....
.

Carboxylation in organic chemistry

In organic chemistry
Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a discipline within chemistry which involves the science study of the structure, properties, composition, chemical reaction, and preparation of chemical compounds that contain carbon....
 many different protocols exist for carboxylation. One general approach is by reaction of nucleophile
Nucleophile

In chemistry, a nucleophile is a reagent that forms a chemical bond to its reaction partner by donating both bonding electrons. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are by definition Lewis bases ....
s with dry ice
Dry ice

Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. It is commonly used as a versatile cooling agent.Dry ice Sublimation , changing directly to a gas at atmospheric pressure....
 (solid carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
) or formic acid
Formic acid

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is hydrogencarbonoxygenOH or CH2O2. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in the venom of bee and ant stingers....
 

Carboxylation in biochemistry

Carboxylation in biochemistry
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
 is a posttranslational modification
Posttranslational modification

Posttranslational modification is the chemistry modification of a protein after its translation . It is one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis for many proteins....
 of glutamate residues in proteins. It occurs primarily in proteins involved in the blood clotting cascade, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X, protein C, and protein S, and also in some bone proteins. This modification is required for these proteins to function. Carboxylation occurs in the liver
Liver

The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals; it has a wide range of functions, a few of which are detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion....
 and is performed by ?-glutamyl carboxylase
Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the GGCX gene....
.

The carboxylase requires vitamin K
Vitamin K

Vitamin K denotes a group of lipophilic, hydrophobic vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation....
 as a cofactor and performs the reaction in a processive manner. ?-carboxyglutamate binds calcium, which is essential for its activity. For example, in prothrombin, calcium binding allows the protein to associate with the plasma membrane in platelets, bringing it into close proximity with the proteins that cleave prothrombin to active thrombin
Thrombin

Thrombin is a coagulation protein that has many effects in the coagulation#The_coagulation_cascade. It is a serine protease that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions....
 after injury.