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Carbonyl metallurgy

Overview

Carbonyl Metallurgy is used to manufacture products of iron

Carbonyl iron

Carbonyl iron is a highly pure iron, prepared by chemical decomposition of purified iron pentacarbonyl. It usually has the appearance of grey powder, composed of spherical microparticles. Most of the impurities are carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.BASF invented carbonyl iron powder in 1925, and claims...

, nickel

Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element, with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of the four ferromagnetic elements at about room temperature, other three being iron, cobalt and gadolinium...

, steel and other metals. Coatings are produced by vapor plating using metal carbonyl

Carbonyl

In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom : C=O.The term carbonyl can also refer to carbon monoxide as a ligand in an inorganic or organometallic complex In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group...

vapors. Carbonyls are metal - ligand

Ligand

In chemistry, a ligand is either an atom, ion, or molecule that binds to a central metal-atom to produce a coordination complex. The bonding between the metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs. The metal-ligand bonding ranges from covalent...

complexes where carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, yet very toxic to humans. It consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a covalent double bond and a dative covalent bond...

is bonded in a pendant ligand structure to individual atoms of metals such as iron and nickel.

Iron carbonyl is stable as iron pentacarbonyl

Iron pentacarbonyl

Iron pentacarbonyl, also known as iron carbonyl, is the compound with formula ₅. Under standard conditions Fe₅ is a free-flowing, straw-colored liquid with a pungent odour. This compound is a common precursor to diverse iron compounds, including many that are useful in...

, where five carbon monoxide molecules are pendantly bonded to the iron atom, while nickel carbonyl

Nickel carbonyl

Nickel carbonyl is a colorless organometallic complex that is a versatile reagent, first described in 1890 by Ludwig Mond. It was the first metal simple carbonyl complex to be reported...

is stable as nickel tetracarbonyl, which has four carbon monoxide molecules pendantly bonded to the nickel atom.

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Encyclopedia

Carbonyl Metallurgy is used to manufacture products of iron

Carbonyl iron

Carbonyl iron is a highly pure iron, prepared by chemical decomposition of purified iron pentacarbonyl. It usually has the appearance of grey powder, composed of spherical microparticles. Most of the impurities are carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.BASF invented carbonyl iron powder in 1925, and claims...

, nickel

Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element, with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of the four ferromagnetic elements at about room temperature, other three being iron, cobalt and gadolinium...

, steel and other metals. Coatings are produced by vapor plating using metal carbonyl

Carbonyl

In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom : C=O.The term carbonyl can also refer to carbon monoxide as a ligand in an inorganic or organometallic complex In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group...

vapors. Carbonyls are metal - ligand

Ligand

In chemistry, a ligand is either an atom, ion, or molecule that binds to a central metal-atom to produce a coordination complex. The bonding between the metal and ligand generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs. The metal-ligand bonding ranges from covalent...

complexes where carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, yet very toxic to humans. It consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a covalent double bond and a dative covalent bond...

is bonded in a pendant ligand structure to individual atoms of metals such as iron and nickel.

Iron carbonyl is stable as iron pentacarbonyl

Iron pentacarbonyl

Iron pentacarbonyl, also known as iron carbonyl, is the compound with formula ₅. Under standard conditions Fe₅ is a free-flowing, straw-colored liquid with a pungent odour. This compound is a common precursor to diverse iron compounds, including many that are useful in...

, where five carbon monoxide molecules are pendantly bonded to the iron atom, while nickel carbonyl

Nickel carbonyl

Nickel carbonyl is a colorless organometallic complex that is a versatile reagent, first described in 1890 by Ludwig Mond. It was the first metal simple carbonyl complex to be reported...

is stable as nickel tetracarbonyl, which has four carbon monoxide molecules pendantly bonded to the nickel atom. Both can be formed by the exposure of the powered metal to carbon monoxide gas at temperatures of around 75 degrees Celsius. Both the metal carbonyls decompose near 175 degrees Celsius, resulting in a vapor plated metallic coating. The thickness of the vapor plated deposit can be increased to desired thicknesses by controlling the amount of metal carbonyl used and the duration of the plating process.

Vale Inco produces over 100 million pounds of nickel metal annually by the carbonyl process. The carbonyl process has been used to produce molds in custom shapes for industry. Such molds have been used in plastic molding and other manufacturing techniques.
William Jenkin developed many of the techniques and procedures used in carbonyl metallurgy.
Carbonyl metallurgy is useful as a low temperature metal coating technique that may well find many applications in the future.

Carbonyl metallurgy

Further reading