CRUD (acronym)
Encyclopedia
In computer programming, create, read, update and delete (CRUD) are the four basic functions of persistent storage. Sometimes CRUD is expanded with the words retrieve instead of read or destroy instead of delete. It is also sometimes used to describe user interface
conventions that facilitate viewing, searching, and changing information
; often using computer-based form
s and report
s. The term was likely first popularized by James Martin in a 1983 book titled "Managing the Data-base Environment".
application
s, that are considered as complete application. Each letter in the acronym is mapped to a standard SQL
statement:
Although a relational database is a common persistence layer in software applications, there are numerous others. CRUD can be implemented with an object database
, an XML database
, flat text files
, custom file formats, tape, or card, for example.
software, the basic storage unit is an individual contact entry. As a bare minimum, the software must allow the user to:
Without at least these four operations, the software cannot be considered complete. Because these operations are so fundamental, they are often documented and described under one comprehensive heading, such as "contact management" or "contact maintenance" (or "document management" in general, depending on the basic storage unit for the particular application).
User interface
The user interface, in the industrial design field of human–machine interaction, is the space where interaction between humans and machines occurs. The goal of interaction between a human and a machine at the user interface is effective operation and control of the machine, and feedback from the...
conventions that facilitate viewing, searching, and changing information
Information
Information in its most restricted technical sense is a message or collection of messages that consists of an ordered sequence of symbols, or it is the meaning that can be interpreted from such a message or collection of messages. Information can be recorded or transmitted. It can be recorded as...
; often using computer-based form
Form (document)
A form is a document with spaces in which to write or select, for a series of documents with similar contents. The documents usually have the printed parts in common, possibly except for a serial number...
s and report
Report
A report is a textual work made with the specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable form....
s. The term was likely first popularized by James Martin in a 1983 book titled "Managing the Data-base Environment".
Database applications
The acronym CRUD refers to all of the major functions that are implemented in relational databaseRelational database
A relational database is a database that conforms to relational model theory. The software used in a relational database is called a relational database management system . Colloquial use of the term "relational database" may refer to the RDBMS software, or the relational database itself...
application
Application software
Application software, also known as an application or an "app", is computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players. Many application programs deal principally with...
s, that are considered as complete application. Each letter in the acronym is mapped to a standard SQL
SQL
SQL is a programming language designed for managing data in relational database management systems ....
statement:
| Operation | SQL | HTTP/REST |
|---|---|---|
| Create | INSERT Insert (SQL) An SQL INSERT statement adds one or more records to any single table in a relational database.-Basic form:Insert statements have the following form:* INSERT INTO table VALUES... |
POST POST (HTTP) In computing, POST is one of many request methods supported by the HTTP protocol used by the World Wide Web. The POST request method is used when the client needs to send data to the server as part of the request, such as when uploading a file or submitting a completed form.In contrast to the GET... |
| Read (Retrieve) | SELECT Select (SQL) The SQL SELECT statement returns a result set of records from one or more tables.A SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more database tables or database views. In most applications, SELECT is the most commonly used Data Manipulation Language command... |
GET |
| Update | UPDATE Update (SQL) An SQL UPDATE statement changes the data of one or more records in a table. Either all the rows can be updated, or a subset may be chosen using a condition.The UPDATE statement has the following form:... |
PUT |
| Delete (Destroy) | DELETE Delete (SQL) In the database structured query language , the DELETE statement removes one or more records from a table. A subset may be defined for deletion using a condition, otherwise all records are removed.-Usage:The DELETE statement follows the syntax:... |
DELETE |
Although a relational database is a common persistence layer in software applications, there are numerous others. CRUD can be implemented with an object database
Object database
An object database is a database management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming...
, an XML database
XML database
An XML database is a data persistence software system that allows data to be stored in XML format. This data can then be queried, exported and serialized into the desired format.Two major classes of XML database exist:...
, flat text files
Flat file database
A flat file database describes any of various means to encode a database model as a single file .- Overview :...
, custom file formats, tape, or card, for example.
User interface
CRUD is also relevant at the user interface level of most applications. For example, in address bookAddress book
An address book or a name and address book is a book or a database used for storing entries called contacts. Each contact entry usually consists of a few standard fields...
software, the basic storage unit is an individual contact entry. As a bare minimum, the software must allow the user to:
- Create or add new entries
- Read, retrieve, search, or view existing entries
- Update or edit existing entries
- Delete/deactivate existing entries
Without at least these four operations, the software cannot be considered complete. Because these operations are so fundamental, they are often documented and described under one comprehensive heading, such as "contact management" or "contact maintenance" (or "document management" in general, depending on the basic storage unit for the particular application).
See also
- Representational state transferRepresentational State TransferRepresentational state transfer is a style of software architecture for distributed hypermedia systems such as the World Wide Web. The term representational state transfer was introduced and defined in 2000 by Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation...
(REST) - Active record patternActive record patternIn software engineering, the active record pattern is an architectural pattern found in software that stores its data in relational databases. It was named by Martin Fowler in his 2003 book Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture...
- Data manipulation languageData Manipulation LanguageA data manipulation language is a family of syntax elements similar to a computer programming language used for inserting, deleting and updating data in a database...