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Biomass
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Biomass, as a renewable energy source, refers to living and recently dead biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production. In this context, biomass refers to plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce for example trash such as dead trees and branches, yard clippings and wood chips biofuel, and it also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers, chemicals or heat.
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Encyclopedia
Biomass, as a renewable energy source, refers to living and recently dead biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production. In this context, biomass refers to plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce for example trash such as dead trees and branches, yard clippings and wood chips biofuel, and it also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It excludes organic material which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum.
Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane , and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil). The particular plant used is usually not very important to the end products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material. Production of biomass is a growing industry as interest in sustainable fuel sources is growing.
Although fossil fuels have their origin in ancient biomass, they are not considered biomass by the generally accepted definition because they contain carbon that has been "out" of the carbon cycle for a very long time. Their combustion therefore disturbs the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.
Plastics from biomass, like some recently developed to dissolve in seawater, are made the same way as petroleum-based plastics, are actually cheaper to manufacture and meet or exceed most performance standards. But they lack the same water resistance or longevity as conventional plastics.
Environmental impact
Biomass is part of the carbon cycle. Carbon from the atmosphere is converted into biological matter by photosynthesis. On death or combustion the carbon goes back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). This happens over a relatively short timescale and plant matter used as a fuel can be constantly replaced by planting for new growth. Therefore a reasonably stable level of atmospheric carbon results from its use as a fuel. It is accepted that the amount of carbon stored in dry wood is approximately 50% by weight.
Though biomass is a renewable fuel, and is sometimes called a "carbon neutral" fuel, its use can still contribute to global warming. This happens when the natural carbon equilibrium is disturbed; for example by deforestation or urbanization of green sites. When biomass is used as a fuel, as a replacement for fossil fuels, it still puts the same amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. However, when biomass is used for energy production it is widely considered carbon neutral, or a net reducer of greenhouse gasses because of the offset of methane that would have otherwise entered the atmosphere. The carbon in biomass material, which makes up approximately fifty percent of its dry-matter content, is already part of the atmospheric carbon cycle. Biomass absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere during its growing lifetime, after which its carbon reverts to the atmosphere as a mixture of CO2 and methane (CH4), depending on the ultimate fate of the biomass material. CH4 converts to CO2 in the atmosphere, completing the cycle. In contrast to biomass carbon, the car from long-term storage, and adds it to the stock of carbon in the atmospheric cycle.
Energy produced from feces residues displaces the production of an equivalent amount of energy from fossil fuels, leaving the fossil carbon in storage. It also shifts the composition of the recycled carbon emissions associated with the disposal of the biomass residues from a mixture of CO2 and CH4, to almost exclusively CO2. In the absence of energy production applications, biomass residue carbon would be recycled to the atmosphere through some combination of rotting (biodegradation) and open burning. Rotting produces a mixture of up to fifty percent CH4, while open burning produces five to ten percent CH4. Controlled combustion in a power plant converts virtually all of the carbon in the biomass to CO2. Because CH4 is a much stronger greenhouse gas than CO2, shifting CH4 emissions to CO2 by converting biomass residues to energy significantly reduces the greenhouse warming potential of the recycled carbon associated with other fates or disposal of the biomass residues.
The existing commercial biomass power generating industry in the United States, which consists of approximately 1,700 MW (megawatts) of operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid, produces about 0.5 percent of the U.S. electricity supply. This level of biomass power generation avoids approximately 11 million tons per year of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. It also avoids approximately two million tons per year of CH4 emissions from the biomass residues that, in the absence of energy production, would otherwise be disposed of by burial (in landfills, in disposal piles, or by the plowing under of agricultural residues), by spreading, and by open burning. The avoided CH4 emissions associated with biomass energy production have a greenhouse warming potential that is more than 20 times greater than that of the avoided fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. Biomass power production is at least five times more effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions than any other greenhouse-gas-neutral power-production technology, such as other renewable and nuclear.
Currently, the New Hope Power Partnership, is the largest biomass power plant in North America. The 140 MWH facility uses sugar cane fiber (bagasse) and recycled urban wood as fuel to generate enough power for its large milling and refining operations as well as to supply renewable electricity for nearly 60,000 homes. The facility reduces dependence on oil by more than one million barrels per year, and by recycling sugar cane and wood waste, preserves landfill space in urban communities in Florida.
Anyway, most of the time the amount of biomass available is not as big as stated in the example above. Many times, especially in Europe where such huge agricultural developments like in the USA are not usual, the cost for transporting the biomass overcomes its actual value and therefore the gathering ground has to be limited to a certain small area. This fact leads to only small possible power outputs around 1 MWel. To make an economic operation possible those power plants have to be equipped with the ORC technology, a cycle similar to the water steam power process just with an organic working medium. Such small power plants can be found in Europe.
Despite harvesting, biomass crops may sequester (trap) carbon. So for example soil organic carbon has been observed to be greater in switchgrass stands than in cultivated cropland soil, especially at depths below 12 inches. The grass sequesters the carbon in its increased root biomass. But the perennial grass may need to be allowed to grow for several years before increases are measurable.
Such small power plants can be found in Europe.
Biomass production for human use and consumption
This is a list of estimated biomass for human use and consumption. It does not include biomass which is not harvested or utilised. See Primary Productivity of the Biosphere for details .
| Biome Ecosystem Type | Area | Mean Net Primary Production | World Primary Production | Mean biomass | World biomass | Minimum replacement rate |
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| | (million km²) | (gram dryC / m² / year) | (billion tonnes / year) | (kg dryC / m²) | (billion tonnes) | (years) | | Tropical rain forest | 17.00 | 2,200.00 | 37.40 | 45.00 | 765.00 | 20.50 | | Tropical monsoon forest | 7.50 | 1,600.00 | 12.00 | 35.00 | 262.50 | 21.88 | | Temperate evergreen forest | | 1,320.00 | 6.60 | 35.00 | 175.00 | 26.52 | | Temperate deciduous forest | 7.00 | 1,200.00 | 8.40 | 30.00 | 210.00 | 25.00 | | Boreal forest | 12.00 | 800.00 | 9.60 | 20.00 | 240.00 | 25.00 | | Mediterranean open forest | 2.80 | 750.00 | 2.10 | 18.00 | 50.40 | 24.00 | | Desert and semidesert scrub | 18.00 | 90.00 | 1.62 | 0.70 | 12.60 | 7.78 | | Extreme desert, rock, sand or ice sheets | 24.00 | 3.00 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 6.67 | | Cultivated land | 14.00 | 650.00 | 9.10 | 1.00 | 14.00 | 1.54 | | Swamp and marsh | 2.00 | 2,000.00 | 4.00 | 15.00 | 30.00 | 7.50 | | Lakes and streams | 2.00 | 250.00 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.08 | | Total continental | 149.00 | 774.51 | 115.40 | 12.57 | 1,873.42 | 16.23 | | Open ocean | 332.00 | 125.00 | 41.50 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.02 | | Upwelling zones | 0.40 | 500.00 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | | Continental shelf | 26.60 | 360.00 | 9.58 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.03 | | Algal beds and reefs | 0.60 | 2,500.00 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.20 | 0.80 | | Estuaries and mangroves | 1.40 | 1,500.00 | 2.10 | 1.00 | 1.40 | 0.67 | | Total marine | 361.00 | 152.01 | 54.88 | 0.01 | 3.87 | 0.07 | | Grand total | 510.00 | 333.87 | 170.28 | 3.68 | 1,877.29 | 11.02 |
See also
External links
General information
Around the world
In the United States
- [https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=421&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=1&mode=2&in_hi_userid=200&cached=true Biomass Reports] (Idaho National Laboratory).
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