Atyap
Encyclopedia
The Atyap people, also known as the Kataf by the Hausa people
, are an ethnic group that occupy part of the Zangon-Kataf Local Government Area of Kaduna State
, Nigeria
. They speak the Tyap language, one of the West Plateau languages
.
The Atyap consider that all members of a clan have a common descent through one ancestor, and therefore encouraged inter-clan and inter-state marriage.
Traditionally, the states and clans had complementary functions. the Shokwa were in charge of rainmaking and flood control rites. The Agba’ad clan had primacy in both cavalry and archery warfare, and led the army. The Aku clans were the custodians of the paraphernalia of the Abwoi religion, and performed initiation rites for all new initiates.
The Abwoi religion included elaborate initiation ceremonies, and belief in the continued presence of deceased ancestors. It was secretive, with incentives for spies who reported saboteurs and death penalties for revelation of secrets. For six months of the year, women were restricted in their dress and travel. After this, there was a celebration and loosening of restrictions.
For some time, the Atyap had been increasingly speaking Hausa
, the primary language of the region. However, after the violent clashes in 1992 there has been a strong trend back to use of Tyap.
Atyap nationalism grew in the 19th century as Fulani jihadists tried to extend their control in this and other parts of central Nigeria. When the British conquered the north of Nigeria in 1903, they followed a system of indirect rule. The British gave the emir of Zaria
increased powers over the Atyab through the village heads that he appointed, and causing increasing resentment.
Christian missionaries found fertile ground with the Atyap, who had rejected the Moslem religion. This served to increase tensions between the Atyap and the Hausa. The Atyap also resented loss of land, considering that they had originally owned all of the Zangon-Kataf territory and had been illegally disposessed by Hausa intruders. After independence in 1960, General Yakubu Gowon
(1966–1975) introduced reforms, letting the Atyap appoint their own village district heads, but the appointees were subject to approval by the emir, and were therefore often seen as puppets.
In 1922 the emir acquired a stretch of land in Zango town, the capital, with no compensation. In 1966 the emir gave the land, now used as a market, to the Hausa community. The Atyap complained that the Hausa traders treated them as slaves in this market.
Tensions steadily increased, flaring up in February 1992 over a proposal to move the market to a new site, away from land that had been transferred to the Hausas. The proposal by the first Atyap head of the LGA was favored by the Atyap who could trade beer and pork on the neutral site and opposed by the Hausa, who feared loss of trading privileges. Over 60 people were killed in the February clashes. Further violence broke out in Zango on May 15/16, with 400 people killed and most buildings destroyed. When the news reached Kaduna, rampaging Hausa youths killed many Christians of all ethnic groups in retaliation.
In the aftermath, many Hausa fled the area, although some returned later, having no other home.
A tribunal set up by the Babangida military government sentenced 17 people to death for alleged complicity in the killings, including a former military governor of Rivers State, Major-General Zamani Lekwot
, an Atyap. The sentences were eventually reduced to gaol terms.
It was said that Lekwot's arrest was due to his feud with Ibrahim Babangida
, then Head of State. No Hausa were charged.
Continued tension and outbreaks of violence were reported as late as 2006.
An Atyap chiefdom was created in 1996 following the recommendation of a committee headed by Air Vice Marshal Usman Mu'azu
that investigated the cause of the uprising. The chiefdom was upgraded to first class in 2007.
In 2010 the president of Atyap Community Development Association said that since the chiefdom was established there had been only a few occasions when it was necessary to intervene to resolve misunderstandings.
Hausa people
The Hausa are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa. They are a Sahelian people chiefly located in northern Nigeria and southeastern Niger, but having significant numbers living in regions of Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Chad and Sudan...
, are an ethnic group that occupy part of the Zangon-Kataf Local Government Area of Kaduna State
Kaduna State
-History:The state is the successor to the old Northern Region of Nigeria, which had its capital at Kaduna. In 1967 this was split up into six states, one of which was the North-Central State, whose name was changed to Kaduna State in 1976. This was further divided in 1987, losing the area now part...
, Nigeria
Nigeria
Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in...
. They speak the Tyap language, one of the West Plateau languages
West Plateau languages
The twenty Central Plateau languages are a residual branch of the Plateau family spoken in central Nigeria. Tyap, or Katab, has 130 000 speakers, and the closely related Jju Kaje has well over 300 000. Hyam, or Jabba, has another 100 000...
.
Culture
The Atyap occupy part of the area of the Nok culture, famous for its terra-cotta figurines. Whether they are related to the people that made these figurines cannot be determined.The Atyap consider that all members of a clan have a common descent through one ancestor, and therefore encouraged inter-clan and inter-state marriage.
Traditionally, the states and clans had complementary functions. the Shokwa were in charge of rainmaking and flood control rites. The Agba’ad clan had primacy in both cavalry and archery warfare, and led the army. The Aku clans were the custodians of the paraphernalia of the Abwoi religion, and performed initiation rites for all new initiates.
The Abwoi religion included elaborate initiation ceremonies, and belief in the continued presence of deceased ancestors. It was secretive, with incentives for spies who reported saboteurs and death penalties for revelation of secrets. For six months of the year, women were restricted in their dress and travel. After this, there was a celebration and loosening of restrictions.
For some time, the Atyap had been increasingly speaking Hausa
Hausa language
Hausa is the Chadic language with the largest number of speakers, spoken as a first language by about 25 million people, and as a second language by about 18 million more, an approximate total of 43 million people...
, the primary language of the region. However, after the violent clashes in 1992 there has been a strong trend back to use of Tyap.
History
There are no written records, but there is evidence that the Atyap were early settlers in the Zangon-Kataf region, as were the Hausa. Both groups were in the area since at least the 1750s, possibly much longer, and both groups claim to have been the first settlers.Atyap nationalism grew in the 19th century as Fulani jihadists tried to extend their control in this and other parts of central Nigeria. When the British conquered the north of Nigeria in 1903, they followed a system of indirect rule. The British gave the emir of Zaria
Zaria
Zaria may refer to:*Zaria, a city in Kaduna State, Nigeria*Zaria , or Zoria, the Slavic goddess of beauty*Countess Zaria of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg, a member of the Dutch royal family...
increased powers over the Atyab through the village heads that he appointed, and causing increasing resentment.
Christian missionaries found fertile ground with the Atyap, who had rejected the Moslem religion. This served to increase tensions between the Atyap and the Hausa. The Atyap also resented loss of land, considering that they had originally owned all of the Zangon-Kataf territory and had been illegally disposessed by Hausa intruders. After independence in 1960, General Yakubu Gowon
Yakubu Gowon
General Yakubu "Jack" Dan-Yumma Gowon was the head of state of Nigeria from 1966 to 1975. He took power after one military coup d'etat and was overthrown in another...
(1966–1975) introduced reforms, letting the Atyap appoint their own village district heads, but the appointees were subject to approval by the emir, and were therefore often seen as puppets.
In 1922 the emir acquired a stretch of land in Zango town, the capital, with no compensation. In 1966 the emir gave the land, now used as a market, to the Hausa community. The Atyap complained that the Hausa traders treated them as slaves in this market.
Tensions steadily increased, flaring up in February 1992 over a proposal to move the market to a new site, away from land that had been transferred to the Hausas. The proposal by the first Atyap head of the LGA was favored by the Atyap who could trade beer and pork on the neutral site and opposed by the Hausa, who feared loss of trading privileges. Over 60 people were killed in the February clashes. Further violence broke out in Zango on May 15/16, with 400 people killed and most buildings destroyed. When the news reached Kaduna, rampaging Hausa youths killed many Christians of all ethnic groups in retaliation.
In the aftermath, many Hausa fled the area, although some returned later, having no other home.
A tribunal set up by the Babangida military government sentenced 17 people to death for alleged complicity in the killings, including a former military governor of Rivers State, Major-General Zamani Lekwot
Zamani Lekwot
Major General Zamani Lekwot was the Military Governor of Rivers State, Nigeria from July 1975 until July 1978 during the military administrations of Generals Murtala Muhammed and Olusegun Obasanjo.Lekwot is a Kataf, born in Kaduna State in 1944....
, an Atyap. The sentences were eventually reduced to gaol terms.
It was said that Lekwot's arrest was due to his feud with Ibrahim Babangida
Ibrahim Babangida
General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida CFR DSS mni , popularly known as IBB, was a Nigerian Army officer and military ruler of Nigeria...
, then Head of State. No Hausa were charged.
Continued tension and outbreaks of violence were reported as late as 2006.
An Atyap chiefdom was created in 1996 following the recommendation of a committee headed by Air Vice Marshal Usman Mu'azu
Usman Mu'azu
Air Vice-Marshall Usman Mu'azu was the military governor of Kaduna State, Nigeria from January 1984 to June 1988 during the military regime of General Muhammadu Buhari....
that investigated the cause of the uprising. The chiefdom was upgraded to first class in 2007.
In 2010 the president of Atyap Community Development Association said that since the chiefdom was established there had been only a few occasions when it was necessary to intervene to resolve misunderstandings.