Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element
Encyclopedia
Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element is a structural element
which is found in antizyme
mRNA and is known to promote frameshifting
. Antizyme genes have two partially overlapping open reading frame
s, the second, which encodes the functional protein requires +1 translational frameshifting. This frameshift is stimulated by a pseudoknot
present 3' of the frameshift site in the antizyme mRNA. The frameshifting efficiency is dependent on the level of polyamine
s in the cell, when the polyamine concentration is high frameshifting is more likely to occur which leads to an increase in the quantity of functional antizyme produced. The functional antizyme acts to reduce ornithine decarboxylase
(ODC) activity which leads to a drop in polyamines present in the cell. Therefore, this family can be thought of as a biosensor
for intracellular free polyamines .
Cis-regulatory element
A cis-regulatory element or cis-element is a region of DNA or RNA that regulates the expression of genes located on that same molecule of DNA . This term is constructed from the Latin word cis, which means "on the same side as". These cis-regulatory elements are often binding sites for one or...
which is found in antizyme
Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme
Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme is a ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor.It was first characterized in 1981.The genes include , , and .-External links:...
mRNA and is known to promote frameshifting
Translational frameshift
Translational frameshifting or ribosomal frameshifting refers to an alternate process of protein translation. A protein is translated from one end of the mRNA to the other, from the 5' to the 3' end. Normally a protein is translated from a template mRNA with consecutive blocks of 3 nucleotides...
. Antizyme genes have two partially overlapping open reading frame
Open reading frame
In molecular genetics, an open reading frame is a DNA sequence that does not contain a stop codon in a given reading frame.Normally, inserts which interrupt the reading frame of a subsequent region after the start codon cause frameshift mutation of the sequence and dislocate the sequences for stop...
s, the second, which encodes the functional protein requires +1 translational frameshifting. This frameshift is stimulated by a pseudoknot
Pseudoknot
A pseudoknot is a nucleic acid secondary structure containing at least two stem-loop structures in which half of one stem is intercalated between the two halves of another stem. The pseudoknot was first recognized in the turnip yellow mosaic virus in 1982...
present 3' of the frameshift site in the antizyme mRNA. The frameshifting efficiency is dependent on the level of polyamine
Polyamine
A polyamine is an organic compound having two or more primary amino groups .This class of compounds includes several synthetic substances that are important feedstocks for the chemical industry, such as ethylene diamine , 1,3-diaminopropane , and hexamethylenediamine...
s in the cell, when the polyamine concentration is high frameshifting is more likely to occur which leads to an increase in the quantity of functional antizyme produced. The functional antizyme acts to reduce ornithine decarboxylase
Ornithine decarboxylase
The enzyme ornithine decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine. This reaction is the committed step in polyamine synthesis. In humans, this protein has 461 amino acids and forms a homodimer....
(ODC) activity which leads to a drop in polyamines present in the cell. Therefore, this family can be thought of as a biosensor
Biosensor
A biosensor is an analytical device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component.It consists of 3 parts:* the sensitive biological element A biosensor is an analytical device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological...
for intracellular free polyamines .