Zakspeed 861
Encyclopedia
The Zakspeed 861 was a Formula One
Formula One
Formula One, also known as Formula 1 or F1 and referred to officially as the FIA Formula One World Championship, is the highest class of single seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile . The "formula" designation in the name refers to a set of rules with which...

 car designed by Paul Brown for the Zakspeed
Zakspeed
Zakspeed is a motor racing team from Germany, founded in 1968 by Erich Zakowski and nowadays run by his son Peter Zakowski. Their home town of Niederzissen is located not far away from the Nürburgring race track.-1973 to 1981: Saloon and sports car racing:...

 team and was used in both the and seasons. In 1986 its drivers were Jonathan Palmer
Jonathan Palmer
Dr. Jonathan Charles Palmer is an entrepreneur and former racing driver from England. Educated at Brighton College, he won the 1981 British Formula Three Championship and the 1983 European Formula Two Championship. He participated in 87 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on September 25, 1983...

 and Huub Rothengatter
Huub Rothengatter
Hubertus Rothengatter is a former racing driver from the Netherlands. He participated in 30 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on June 17, 1984. He scored no championship points. He always drove for small and under-funded teams, his drives all either started or became available midseason...

. The team never employed a test driver. The engine on the car was Zakspeed's own 1500/4 turbo
Turbocharger
A turbocharger, or turbo , from the Greek "τύρβη" is a centrifugal compressor powered by a turbine that is driven by an engine's exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor increasing the mass of air entering the engine , thereby resulting in greater performance...

 engine. The team used Goodyear
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company was founded in 1898 by Frank Seiberling. Goodyear manufactures tires for automobiles, commercial trucks, light trucks, SUVs, race cars, airplanes, farm equipment and heavy earth-mover machinery....

 tyres. Martin Brundle
Martin Brundle
Martin John Brundle is a British racing driver from England, known as a Formula One driver and as an F1 commentator for ITV Sport from 1997 to 2008, the BBC from 2009 to 2011 and Sky Sports from 2012....

 and Christian Danner
Christian Danner
Christian Danner is a former race car driver from Germany.The son of well-known car safety expert Max Danner, Christian started motor-racing in the Renault 5 cup...

 replaced Palmer and Rothengatter in 1987.

Concept

The Zakspeed 861 was a single seat open wheel racing car, designed and built by the German Zakspeed team for the 1986 Formula One world championship. It was a development of the Zakspeed 841
Zakspeed 841
The Zakspeed 841 was the Formula One car built and raced by the Zakspeed team for the 1985 Formula One season.-Concept:Zakspeed was already an established racing and tuning company, working in conjunction with Ford...

 used during the 1985 Formula One season
1985 Formula One season
The 1985 Formula One season was the 36th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1985 Formula 1 World Championship which commenced on 7 April 1985 and ended on 3 November 1985 after sixteen races. World Championship titles were awarded for both Drivers and Manufacturers.-Season...

. Changes were largely to reduce weight and complexity over its predecessor. In its second year in Formula One, the tiny Zakspeed team continued to be only competitor, other than the large factory teams of Ferrari
Scuderia Ferrari
Scuderia Ferrari is the racing team division of the Ferrari automobile marque. The team currently only races in Formula One but has competed in numerous classes of motorsport since its formation in 1929, including sportscar racing....

 and Renault
Renault F1
Lotus Renault GP, formerly the Renault F1 Team, is a British Formula One racing team. The Oxfordshire-based team can trace its roots back through the Benetton team of the late 1980s and 1990s to the Toleman team of the early 1980s. Renault had also competed in various forms since , before taking...

, to design and build its own engines.

Chassis and suspension

The chassis was built around a carbon fibre/kevlar
Kevlar
Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora. Developed at DuPont in 1965, this high strength material was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires...

 composite monocoque. The reduction in fuel tank size to 195 litres for the 1986 season allowed the car to be smaller, allowing better airflow to the rear wing. Despite the efforts to reduce weight, the car, although close to the 575 kg minimum weight limit for the formula, was still too heavy. The car again appeared in the red-and-white corporate colours of West cigarettes
West (cigarette)
West is a German tobacco brand owned by the British company Imperial Tobacco.The cigarettes are available in most European Union countries except the UK and Ireland. The brand is sold in over 90 countries worldwide.-History:...

, who remained as title sponsor.

The suspension
Suspension (vehicle)
Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose — contributing to the car's roadholding/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupants...

 was double wishbone all round, operating springs and dampers by pullrods. The car started the season with conventional steel brakes, but Zakspeed experimented with carbon-carbon brakes from Monaco
1986 Monaco Grand Prix
The 1986 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 11, 1986.- Classification :- Notes :*Lap leaders: Alain Prost 71 , Ayrton Senna 7...

 and raced them from Germany
1986 German Grand Prix
The 1986 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Hockenheimring on July 27, 1986. It was the tenth race of the 1986 Formula One season.- Classification :- Notes :...

. The team continued its tyre supply contract from American firm Goodyear
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company was founded in 1898 by Frank Seiberling. Goodyear manufactures tires for automobiles, commercial trucks, light trucks, SUVs, race cars, airplanes, farm equipment and heavy earth-mover machinery....

.

Despite the improvements over the 841, by the end of the year the chassis, whose concept dated back to 1983, was considered outdated. Technical director Helmut Barth commented that "It was too big and had too much drag".

Engine and transmission

The Zakspeed designed 1.5 litre turbocharged engine shared its inline-4 layout with the Hart
Brian Hart Ltd.
Brian Hart Ltd., also known as Hart and Hart Racing Engines was a motor racing engine manufacturer that participated in 157 Formula One Grands Prix, powering a total of 368 entries....

 and BMW M10
BMW M10
The BMW M10/M12 was a straight-4 piston engine produced from 1961 to 1987. Displacement ranged from 1499 cc to 1990 cc.The engine was designed by noted engineer and race driver Baron Alex von Falkenhausen. He was asked to design a small-displacement engine, but felt that this would be...

 engines, neither of which were frontrunning units by this stage. Like both those engines, the Zakspeed was mounted semi-stressed in a spaceframe cradle. The year was dominated by the bespoke V6 engines of Honda
Honda F1
Honda Racing F1 Team was a Formula One team run by Japanese car manufacturer Honda, from 1964 to 1968 and from 2006 to 2008. Honda's involvement in F1 began with the 1964 season; their withdrawal in 1968 was precipitated by the death of Honda driver Jo Schlesser during the 1968 French Grand Prix. ...

 and TAG-Porsche
Porsche in motorsport
Porsche has been successful in many branches of motorsport of which most have been in long distance races.Despite their early involvement in motorsports being limited to supplying relatively small engines to racing underdogs up until the late 1960s, by the mid-1950s Porsche had already tasted...

. During the 1985 season the team had worked on developing their own electronic fuel injection
Fuel injection
Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive petrol engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s....

 system, while using a mechanical injection system in races. For the 1986 season, the team reached an agreement to use a low pressure Bosch
Robert Bosch GmbH
Robert Bosch GmbH is a multinational engineering and electronics company headquartered in Gerlingen, near Stuttgart, Germany. It is the world's largest supplier of automotive components...

 Motronic electronic fuel injection system, originally intended for Alfa Romeo's
Alfa Romeo in Formula One
Alfa Romeo participated in Formula One, as both a constructor and engine supplier, from to .-Success, 1950-1951:In 1950 Nino Farina won the inaugural Formula One World Championship in a 158 with supercharger, in 1951 Juan Manuel Fangio won while driving an Alfetta 159...

 stillborn inline four turbo. This improved throttle response, drivability and fuel consumption. In race trim the engine was reported to exploit pressure of around 3.5 bar
Bar (unit)
The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...

, roughly 3.5 times atmospheric pressure, which corresponded to about 850 bhp. In qualifying boost could be raised as high as 4.5 bar, with correspondingly greater power. These figures are comparable to that year's championship winning McLaren MP4/2
McLaren MP4/2
-Complete Formula One results: -See also:* Williams FW11* Lotus 97T...

-TAG/Porsche, which officially produced 850 bhp at 3.3 bar in race trim, although the TAG/Porsche unit was far from the most powerful in Formula One that season.

The transmission
Transmission (mechanics)
A machine consists of a power source and a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Merriam-Webster defines transmission as: an assembly of parts including the speed-changing gears and the propeller shaft by which the power is transmitted from an engine to a...

 was carried over from the 841, with an in-house magnesium alloy casing containing modified Hewland
Hewland
Founded by Mike Hewland in 1957, Hewland is a British engineering company specialising in racing-car gearboxes. Hewland was the first company to manufacture a bespoke racing-car gearbox....

 DGB internals.

Racing History

During the team's tentative 1985 season
1985 Formula One season
The 1985 Formula One season was the 36th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1985 Formula 1 World Championship which commenced on 7 April 1985 and ended on 3 November 1985 after sixteen races. World Championship titles were awarded for both Drivers and Manufacturers.-Season...

, they had entered a single car for Jonathan Palmer
Jonathan Palmer
Dr. Jonathan Charles Palmer is an entrepreneur and former racing driver from England. Educated at Brighton College, he won the 1981 British Formula Three Championship and the 1983 European Formula Two Championship. He participated in 87 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on September 25, 1983...

. For 1986 the team's original intention was to continue with one car for Palmer, but Huub Rothengatter
Huub Rothengatter
Hubertus Rothengatter is a former racing driver from the Netherlands. He participated in 30 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on June 17, 1984. He scored no championship points. He always drove for small and under-funded teams, his drives all either started or became available midseason...

, who brought funding to the team, was entered in a second chassis from early in the year. Only 10 finishes were recorded by the two drivers during the year, the best of them an eighth place finish for Palmer at Detroit
1986 Detroit Grand Prix
The 1986 Detroit Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on June 22, 1986 in Detroit, Michigan.__FORCETOC__-Summary:Rising Lotus star Ayrton Senna started on the pole and came away with a hard-earned win, the fourth of his career. The young Brazilian charged through the field after dropping to...

, and another for Rothengatter at the Österreichring
1986 Austrian Grand Prix
The 1986 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on 17 August 1986.- Classification :- Notes :* The Benettons of Berger and Fabi were so dominant in this race that they were 40 seconds ahead of third-placed Prost after 12 laps...

. The 861 chassis were used in the first two races of the 1987 season
1987 Formula One season
The 1987 Formula One season was the 38th season of Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1987 FIA Formula One World Championship for Drivers and Constructors which commenced on April 12, 1987 and ended on November 15 after sixteen races...

, while the team's new 871 was readied. A single 861 was used as a spare until the 1987 Detroit Grand Prix
1987 Detroit Grand Prix
The 1987 Detroit Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on June 21, 1987 in Detroit, Michigan.__FORCETOC__-Summary:Ayrton Senna repeated his 1986 win in Detroit and won his second 1987 race in a row, the first wins for a car with active suspension...

, where Martin Brundle
Martin Brundle
Martin John Brundle is a British racing driver from England, known as a Formula One driver and as an F1 commentator for ITV Sport from 1997 to 2008, the BBC from 2009 to 2011 and Sky Sports from 2012....

 raced it after crashing his 871 in practice. He retired from the race with turbo failure.

Complete Formula One results

Year Team Engine Tyres Drivers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pts. WCC
West
West (cigarette)
West is a German tobacco brand owned by the British company Imperial Tobacco.The cigarettes are available in most European Union countries except the UK and Ireland. The brand is sold in over 90 countries worldwide.-History:...

 Zakspeed Racing
Zakspeed
Zakspeed is a motor racing team from Germany, founded in 1968 by Erich Zakowski and nowadays run by his son Peter Zakowski. Their home town of Niederzissen is located not far away from the Nürburgring race track.-1973 to 1981: Saloon and sports car racing:...

Zakspeed
Zakspeed
Zakspeed is a motor racing team from Germany, founded in 1968 by Erich Zakowski and nowadays run by his son Peter Zakowski. Their home town of Niederzissen is located not far away from the Nürburgring race track.-1973 to 1981: Saloon and sports car racing:...

 1500/4
S4 tc
Turbocharger
A turbocharger, or turbo , from the Greek "τύρβη" is a centrifugal compressor powered by a turbine that is driven by an engine's exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor increasing the mass of air entering the engine , thereby resulting in greater performance...

BRA
1986 Brazilian Grand Prix
The 1986 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Jacarepaguá on March 23, 1986.This was the first race to be held after Sir Frank Williams' car accident in France. Nigel Mansell was out of the race on the first lap after an overtaking attempt on Senna saw him in the wall....

ESP
1986 Spanish Grand Prix
The 1986 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Jerez on April 13, 1986. This was the first Spanish Grand Prix since the 1981 race held at Jarama....

SMR
1986 San Marino Grand Prix
The 1986 San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Imola on 27 April 1986. The race was the third round of the year's World Championship...

MON
1986 Monaco Grand Prix
The 1986 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on May 11, 1986.- Classification :- Notes :*Lap leaders: Alain Prost 71 , Ayrton Senna 7...

BEL
1986 Belgian Grand Prix
The 1986 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on May 25, 1986.Nelson Piquet took pole late in the qualifying session using a spare car...

CAN
1986 Canadian Grand Prix
The 1986 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on June 15, 1986.- Classification :-Standings after Grand Prix:Drivers' Championship standingsConstructors' Championship standings...

DET
1986 Detroit Grand Prix
The 1986 Detroit Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on June 22, 1986 in Detroit, Michigan.__FORCETOC__-Summary:Rising Lotus star Ayrton Senna started on the pole and came away with a hard-earned win, the fourth of his career. The young Brazilian charged through the field after dropping to...

FRA
1986 French Grand Prix
The 1986 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on July 6, 1986. Elio De Angelis's fatal crash on the full circuit 2 months before prompted Formula One to use a shortened version of the circuit.- Classification :-Trivia:...

GBR
1986 British Grand Prix
The 1986 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Brands Hatch on July 13, 1986. It was the ninth race of the 1986 Formula One season...

GER
1986 German Grand Prix
The 1986 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Hockenheimring on July 27, 1986. It was the tenth race of the 1986 Formula One season.- Classification :- Notes :...

HUN
1986 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 1986 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Hungaroring on August 10, 1986. It was the eleventh round of the 1986 Formula One season....

AUT
1986 Austrian Grand Prix
The 1986 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on 17 August 1986.- Classification :- Notes :* The Benettons of Berger and Fabi were so dominant in this race that they were 40 seconds ahead of third-placed Prost after 12 laps...

ITA
1986 Italian Grand Prix
The 1986 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on September 7, 1986.- Race :Following problems at the start of the parade lap, pole position man Teo Fabi was forced to start from the back of the grid and Alain Prost, alongside him on the front row, had to start from the pit...

POR
1986 Portuguese Grand Prix
The 1986 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Estoril on September 21, 1986.- Classification :- Notes :* Williams-Honda took the Constructor's Championship with two races left....

MEX
1986 Mexican Grand Prix
The 1986 Mexican Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Mexico City on October 12, 1986.It was the first win for Gerhard Berger and the first win for the Benetton team. Benetton ran on Pirelli tyres, and their relative durability compared to competitors on Goodyear tyres played to the...

AUS
1986 Australian Grand Prix
The 1986 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 26 October 1986 at the Adelaide Street Circuit, Adelaide, Australia. It was the last of 16 races in the 1986 Formula One season...

0 NC
Jonathan Palmer
Jonathan Palmer
Dr. Jonathan Charles Palmer is an entrepreneur and former racing driver from England. Educated at Brighton College, he won the 1981 British Formula Three Championship and the 1983 European Formula Two Championship. He participated in 87 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on September 25, 1983...

Ret Ret Ret 12 13 Ret 8 Ret 9 Ret 10 Ret Ret 12 10 9
Huub Rothengatter
Huub Rothengatter
Hubertus Rothengatter is a former racing driver from the Netherlands. He participated in 30 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on June 17, 1984. He scored no championship points. He always drove for small and under-funded teams, his drives all either started or became available midseason...

Ret DNQ Ret 12 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 8 Ret Ret DNS Ret
West
West (cigarette)
West is a German tobacco brand owned by the British company Imperial Tobacco.The cigarettes are available in most European Union countries except the UK and Ireland. The brand is sold in over 90 countries worldwide.-History:...

 Zakspeed Racing
Zakspeed
Zakspeed is a motor racing team from Germany, founded in 1968 by Erich Zakowski and nowadays run by his son Peter Zakowski. Their home town of Niederzissen is located not far away from the Nürburgring race track.-1973 to 1981: Saloon and sports car racing:...

Zakspeed
Zakspeed
Zakspeed is a motor racing team from Germany, founded in 1968 by Erich Zakowski and nowadays run by his son Peter Zakowski. Their home town of Niederzissen is located not far away from the Nürburgring race track.-1973 to 1981: Saloon and sports car racing:...

 1500/4
S4 tc
Turbocharger
A turbocharger, or turbo , from the Greek "τύρβη" is a centrifugal compressor powered by a turbine that is driven by an engine's exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor increasing the mass of air entering the engine , thereby resulting in greater performance...

BRA
1987 Brazilian Grand Prix
The 1987 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on April 12, 1987 at the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet, Rio de Janeiro. It was the first race of the 1987 Formula One season.- Race summary :...

SMR
1987 San Marino Grand Prix
The 1987 San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 3, 1987 at the Autodromo Dino Ferrari, Imola. It was the second race of the 1987 Formula One season.-Race summary:...

BEL
1987 Belgian Grand Prix
The 1987 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 17, 1987 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Spa. It was the third race of the 1987 Formula One season.-Race summary:...

MON
1987 Monaco Grand Prix
The 1987 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on May 31, 1987 at the Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo. It was the fourth race of the 1987 Formula One season.-Race summary:...

DET
1987 Detroit Grand Prix
The 1987 Detroit Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on June 21, 1987 in Detroit, Michigan.__FORCETOC__-Summary:Ayrton Senna repeated his 1986 win in Detroit and won his second 1987 race in a row, the first wins for a car with active suspension...

FRA
1987 French Grand Prix
The 1987 French Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on July 5, 1987 at the Circuit Paul Ricard, Le Castellet. It was the sixth race of the 1987 Formula One season.-Race summary:...

GBR
1987 British Grand Prix
The 1987 British Grand Prix was a Formula One race held on 12 July 1987 at the Silverstone Circuit, Silverstone. It was the seventh race of the 1987 Formula One season.-Race summary:...

GER
1987 German Grand Prix
The 1987 German Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Hockenheimring on July 26, 1987.- Classification :*Numbers in brackets refer to positions of normally aspirated entrants competing for the Jim Clark Trophy.-Standings after the race:...

HUN
1987 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 1987 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at the Hungaroring on August 9, 1987.- Classification :- Notes :*Numbers in brackets refer to positions of normally aspirated entrants competing for the Jim Clark Trophy.-Standings after the race:...

AUT
1987 Austrian Grand Prix
The 1987 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Österreichring on August 16, 1987.- Classification :- Notes :*Martin Brundle was disqualified from 14th place for a bodywork infringement after he crashed his Zakspeed on the first start and used the spare.*Nelson Piquet's average speed...

ITA
1987 Italian Grand Prix
The 1987 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Monza on September 6, 1987.- Classification :- Notes :*Numbers in brackets refer to positions of normally aspirated entrants competing for the Jim Clark Trophy.-Standings after the race:...

POR
1987 Portuguese Grand Prix
The 1987 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Estoril on September 20, 1987.- Classification :- Notes :*Alain Prost eclipsed the previous record for most F1 World Championship victories at this race, and it was a record Prost held for 14 years until surpassed by Michael Schumacher...

ESP
1987 Spanish Grand Prix
The 1987 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Jerez on September 27, 1987.- Summary :The 1987 Spanish Grand Prix was won fairly comfortably by Nigel Mansell who took pole sitter Nelson Piquet at the end of the first lap and was never headed...

MEX
1987 Mexican Grand Prix
The 1987 Mexican Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Mexico City on October 18, 1987.- Classification :-Standings after the race:Drivers' Championship standingsConstructors' Championship standings...

JPN
1987 Japanese Grand Prix
The 1987 Japanese Grand Prix was a Formula One race held at Suzuka on November 1, 1987.- Race :The 1987 Japanese Grand Prix was the first race to be held in Japan since James Hunt won in his McLaren at Fuji, in 1977. This time, the Grand Prix circus utilised the Honda owned Suzuka circuit...

AUS
1987 Australian Grand Prix
The 1987 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Adelaide on November 15, 1987.- Race :The third Australian Grand Prix to be held at Adelaide and the final round of the 1987 Formula One season proved to be another eventful race. Gerhard Berger started from his third pole position...

2* 10th
Martin Brundle
Martin Brundle
Martin John Brundle is a British racing driver from England, known as a Formula One driver and as an F1 commentator for ITV Sport from 1997 to 2008, the BBC from 2009 to 2011 and Sky Sports from 2012....

Ret
Christian Danner
Christian Danner
Christian Danner is a former race car driver from Germany.The son of well-known car safety expert Max Danner, Christian started motor-racing in the Renault 5 cup...

9 7

* All points scored using Zakspeed 871
Zakspeed 871
The Zakspeed 871 was a Formula One car designed by Chris Murphy and Heinz Zollner and raced by Zakspeed in the 1987 Formula One season. The car was powered by the team's own 1.5 litre straight 4 turbo engine. Martin Brundle moved after 3 years at Tyrrell to be Zakspeed's lead driver...

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