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U.S. Robotics
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U.S. Robotics (often referred to by its abbreviation USR and not to be confused with U.S. Robots) is a company that makes computer modems and related products. It sold high-speed modems in the 1980s, and had a reputation for high quality and compatibility. With the reduced usage of voiceband modems in North America in the early 21st century, USR is now one of the few modem companies left in that market.
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Encyclopedia
U.S. Robotics (often referred to by its abbreviation USR and not to be confused with U.S. Robots) is a company that makes computer modems and related products. It sold high-speed modems in the 1980s, and had a reputation for high quality and compatibility. With the reduced usage of voiceband modems in North America in the early 21st century, USR is now one of the few modem companies left in that market. It now employs about 125 people worldwide.
History
USR was founded in 1976 in Chicago, Illinois (and later moved to 8100 N. McCormick Blvd. in Skokie, Illinois), by a group of entrepreneurs, including Casey Cowell, who served as CEO for most of the company's history and Paul Collard who designed modems into the mid-80's. The name for the company is a reference to the fiction of Isaac Asimov, who is credited with inventing the term robotics. Asimov's Robot stories featured a fictional company named U.S. Robots and Mechanical Men. The 2004 movie I, Robot, which was loosely based on Asimov's works, and set in Chicago, used the name "U.S. Robotics" for the fictional robot manufacturer. The movie's U.S. Robotics corporate logo resembles a former real-life USR logo.
USR was one of many companies to offer dial-up modems for personal computers. Prior to the development of standards such as the V.32 family of protocols, USR introduced its own HST (High-Speed Transfer) protocol in 1986 - one which operated at 9600 bits per second. In 1989, HST was expanded to 14.4 kilobits/sec., 16.8 kbit/sec. in 1992, and finally to 21 kbit/sec. and 24 kbit/sec. as phone lines improved and the protocol was adapted to transmit and receive more bits per second.
USR was not the only company making proprietary modems; Telebit's TrailBlazer series offered speeds up to 19.2 kbit/sec. in its first model, and Hayes also introduced a 9600 bit/sec. Express 96 (or "Ping-Pong") system. However, USR became the most successful of the three, due to a marketing scheme that offered large discounts to BBS sysops. This allowed large long-distance file transfers, such as FidoNet packets, to be exchanged more quickly.
The proprietary nature of HST allowed USR to maintain its market predominance even when off-brand V.32-based modems began selling for less than equivalent HST modems. As the price differential decreased, however, V.32-based modems eventually became a cost-effective alternative to HST. Nevertheless, USR maintained its user base by creating slightly faster HST protocols (in particular, a 16.8 kbit/sec. mode) and by producing "dual standard" modems which were able to communicate with both HST and V.32 modems at high speeds.
During this period USR differentiated between its high and low-end product lines by supporting only the V.32 modes on its low-end Sportster models, while its high-end Courier models supported V.32, HST, or both in the Courier Dual Standard models. The Sportster used the same motherboard as the Couriers, and on certain 14.4 kbit/sec. models a sequence of AT commands could be issued to enable the faster 16.8 kbit/sec. HST mode. The Courier modems remained a favorite in the BBS and emerging Internet Service Provider world, where they were known to run without problem for extended periods of time (although the initial large-scale deployment of Courier modems in the CompuServe network uncovered a serious bug which would cause the modems to crash and stop answering calls under high call volumes).
Later, when 56 kbit/sec. modems were introduced, USR again went its own direction, with its X2 technology pitched against K56flex before the creation of a final formal 56K standard. After the V.90 industry standard became available, USR abandoned its proprietary protocols. In a further effort to reduce the retail price of its modems, USR also marketed a Winmodem.
Some models of Courier modems were known for their long-term upgradeability, because they used an upgradeable DSP design. For example, when the Courier V.Everything modem was first released in 1994 under the product label "Courier V.34 Ready", it shipped with only V.FC support because V.34 had not been released. A free V.34 upgrade was made available later via FidoNet networks, as well as via the Internet. USR then surprised many early Courier V.Everything modem owners with a limited-time free offer of an X2 firmware upgrade, which added 56K speed capability. Finally, USR released a V.90 upgrade that was compatible with X2-upgraded Courier V.Everything modems. Even the 1994 hardware released pre-V.34 was fully V.90 upgradeable without hardware modifications, yielding a very long product life to those who owned Courier V.Everything modems; many of these modems were still in use more than a decade later.
Commoditization
After acquiring Palm, Inc., in 1995, USR merged with 3Com Corporation in June 1997 . It was then recreated as a spin-off of 3Com in June 2000, assuming 3Com's entire client modem business except for the Palm-related portion, which itself had been spun off with Palm three months earlier. Other portions of the original USR remained in 3Com as the CommWorks Corporation. USR then quickly built up its device portfolio, and now makes not only traditional dial-up modems, but also wired- and wireless-networking components including network switches, gateways, routers, and wireless access points. The company was acquired by private equity firm Platinum Equity for an undisclosed amount of cash in 2005, believed to be about $30 to $50 million.
External links
- of U.S. Robotics Corporation
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