The End of Liberalism
Encyclopedia
The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States is a non-fiction book by Theodore J. Lowi
and is considered a modern classic of political science. Originally published in 1969 (under the title The End of Liberalism, with no subtitle), the book was revised for a second edition in 1979 with the political developments of the 1970s taken into consideration. The book examines the developments of government during the years between its publishing and the great depression.
and capitalism
have died as a public philosophy and have been replaced by interest group liberalism
. Lowi goes on to explore the flaws and consequences of interest group liberalism. Lowi argues that the government has grown too large due to Congress assuming power and delegating authority to administrative agencies rather than coming up with a solution to problems within congress. He suggests that American politics has become controlled by interest groups in which politicians associate. Lowi contends that, because of this, the United States has entered into what he calls “The Second Republic.” He then suggests that interest group liberalism needs to be replaced by a juridical democracy in order to restore the rule of law.
Sanders sums up her reception of Lowi by expressing her view that the Democratic Party
should use Lowi’s ideas to rise to meet the Republicans
. She even goes as far as to state that “In Theodore Lowi they would have a powerful philosopher. That hasn’t been true of the party since Thomas Jefferson.”
In his article reviewing the first and second editions of The End of Liberalism, Robert C. Grady explained that most initial criticisms of the first edition were due to the text's abrupt end with an “incomplete” description of juridical liberalism. Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr., in his “Disguised Liberalism,” criticized Lowi for “failing to recognize that liberal democracy must have virtuous elites to filter out extreme and unwise values and whose roles must be disguised”. William E. Connolly said that “Lowi's prescriptions require a citizenry imbued with civic virtue”. In practical application, this need for a sense of “civic virtue” on the side of the citizenry is problematic, as “legislatures, let alone citizens, do not begin with civic virtue, nor do they end up talking about it”.
Grady's review focuses on the additions made to the second edition of The End of Liberalism. While Lowi's additions provide clarity, Grady still labels the work as a polemic. While Lowi provides many examples of juridical democracy's advantages, he does nothing to address the unlikelihood that Congress would ever address the wide sweeping reforms necessary to implement it.
While the practical application of juridical democracy is questionable, even Grady (and other critics of Lowi) agree that as a theory, juridical democracy provides another tool with which “the political scientist probes the weaknesses and liabilities of political practice” by questioning the process and outcomes of interest-group liberalism. Grady admits that while Lowi has not been able to catch the attention of political leadership, his analysis of interest-group liberalism has been adopted by many political scientists, and is “perhaps the most systematic and telly critique of pluralism to have emerged from the controversial decade of the 1960s.”
Theodore J. Lowi
Theodore J. Lowi is the John L. Senior Professor of American Institutions teaching in the Government Department at Cornell University. His area of research is the American government and public policy.-Biography:...
and is considered a modern classic of political science. Originally published in 1969 (under the title The End of Liberalism, with no subtitle), the book was revised for a second edition in 1979 with the political developments of the 1970s taken into consideration. The book examines the developments of government during the years between its publishing and the great depression.
Summary
In this book Lowi proposes that classic liberalismLiberalism
Liberalism is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally, liberals support ideas such as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights,...
and capitalism
Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system that became dominant in the Western world following the demise of feudalism. There is no consensus on the precise definition nor on how the term should be used as a historical category...
have died as a public philosophy and have been replaced by interest group liberalism
Interest group liberalism
Interest group liberalism is Theodore Lowi's term for the clientelism resulting from the broad expansion of public programs in the United States, including those programs which were part of the "Great Society."...
. Lowi goes on to explore the flaws and consequences of interest group liberalism. Lowi argues that the government has grown too large due to Congress assuming power and delegating authority to administrative agencies rather than coming up with a solution to problems within congress. He suggests that American politics has become controlled by interest groups in which politicians associate. Lowi contends that, because of this, the United States has entered into what he calls “The Second Republic.” He then suggests that interest group liberalism needs to be replaced by a juridical democracy in order to restore the rule of law.
Reception and influence
Elizabeth Sanders reviewed The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States in her article "The contributions of Theodore Lowi to political analysis and democratic theory". Within this article Sanders breaks the article down into three parts: the policy analysis scheme, democratic theory, and constitutional advocacy. Sanders praises the second section as “the most lasting contribution.”Sanders sums up her reception of Lowi by expressing her view that the Democratic Party
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...
should use Lowi’s ideas to rise to meet the Republicans
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...
. She even goes as far as to state that “In Theodore Lowi they would have a powerful philosopher. That hasn’t been true of the party since Thomas Jefferson.”
In his article reviewing the first and second editions of The End of Liberalism, Robert C. Grady explained that most initial criticisms of the first edition were due to the text's abrupt end with an “incomplete” description of juridical liberalism. Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr., in his “Disguised Liberalism,” criticized Lowi for “failing to recognize that liberal democracy must have virtuous elites to filter out extreme and unwise values and whose roles must be disguised”. William E. Connolly said that “Lowi's prescriptions require a citizenry imbued with civic virtue”. In practical application, this need for a sense of “civic virtue” on the side of the citizenry is problematic, as “legislatures, let alone citizens, do not begin with civic virtue, nor do they end up talking about it”.
Grady's review focuses on the additions made to the second edition of The End of Liberalism. While Lowi's additions provide clarity, Grady still labels the work as a polemic. While Lowi provides many examples of juridical democracy's advantages, he does nothing to address the unlikelihood that Congress would ever address the wide sweeping reforms necessary to implement it.
While the practical application of juridical democracy is questionable, even Grady (and other critics of Lowi) agree that as a theory, juridical democracy provides another tool with which “the political scientist probes the weaknesses and liabilities of political practice” by questioning the process and outcomes of interest-group liberalism. Grady admits that while Lowi has not been able to catch the attention of political leadership, his analysis of interest-group liberalism has been adopted by many political scientists, and is “perhaps the most systematic and telly critique of pluralism to have emerged from the controversial decade of the 1960s.”