The Disappointment
Encyclopedia
The Disappointment, or The Force of Credulity is a ballad opera
in two acts with a prologue and epilogue, to a text by an unknown author writing under the pseudonym "Andrew Barton". William Peterson, in 1766, claimed that the opera was written by a "son of Philadelphia College
," leading to speculation that the author may have been Francis Hopkinson
or Jacob Duché
. In his book on American drama, Walter Meserve claims that the author was named Thomas Forrest. Regarded as one of the first American operas, it was to have been performed on April 20, 1762 in Philadelphia
but was cancelled at the last moment.
Samuel Adler
reconstructed the score for a performance on October 29, 1976 at the Library of Congress
in Washington
, as part of the Bicentennial celebrations of the United States of America
. A critic published a lukewarm review of the performance at the time .
The Disappointment (1767)
America’s First Ballad Opera
by
Andrew Barton
Musical Setting by Samuel Adler
Research by Jerald Graue and Judith Layng
Produced by Donald Hunsberger
Directed by Edward Berkeley
Musical Direction by Robert Spillman
Original Cast of the Library of Congress
Eastman School of Music Production
In April 1767, the Philadelphia public was primed for a theatrical event of uncommon interest. The most illustrious acting company in the colonies, David Douglass’ American Company, was preparing Andrew Barton’s ballad opera, The Disappointment, or, the Force of Credulity, for presentation at the handsome new Southwark Theatre. English plays and comic or sentimental operas had formed the staple repertoire of the company for some years, but Barton’s farce had signal im¬portance because it was the first ballad opera written by an American for American audiences. Moreover, its subject matter was closely linked to the concerns of the Philadelphia citizenry. It cleverly satirized the government of King George, but it also offered lampoons of several individuals living in Philadelphia at that time.
Alas, perhaps the comic barbs were too sharp and too close to home; the opera was not performed as planned, and a terse explanatory note in the Pennsylvania Gazette of April 22 announced that the play’s “personal reflections” rendered it “unfit for the stage.” It still seems remarkable that Barton’s vivacious comedy could have remained un¬produced for more than two hundred years, especially since historians have long recognized the play’s intrinsic merit. The reasons for this dormancy must be sought in the peculiar nature of ballad operas in the 18th century. Such works often became modest best-sellers as published librettos, and indeed Barton’s opera sold impressively in this form, first when it was published in New York in 1767, then later when a revised Philadelphia version appeared in 1796. However, the librettos contain no music whatever; the songs that occur throughout the play exist as texts only, along with the titles of the popular songs whose tunes would have been used for the songs in the play. Presumably, the musical arrangements for The Disappointment were discarded upon its cancellation or have been lost during the many years since. While librettos could be printed in many copies, musical arrangements typi¬cally were made in one copy only, for one particular production. Consequently, scores or parts for ballad operas have vanished in all except a mere handful of cases.
A reconstruction of the music for The Disappointment is desirable above all because the play is manifestly attractive, but also because it is a significant landmark in the history of the American musical theatre. Aside from its position as the earliest indigenous American opera it is believed to contain the earliest mention of the time honored tune, “Yankee Doodle
.” -
To mark the 200th birthday of the United States, the Music Division of the Library of Congress and the University of Rochester’s Eastman School of Music chose to sponsor the reconstruction and production of this first American opera. The task of creating a musical complement for the play was undertaken by Samuel Adler and Jerald Graue of the Eastman School, in a composer-scholar collaboration, and their work was materially facilitated by the investigations of Judith Layng of Hiram College. The principal problems of the reconstruction fell into three general areas: the identification of the tunes themselves in early sources, the creation, of stylistically appropriate settings, and the determination of the size and make-up of the orchestra. In each prob¬lem area, two central requirements were regarded as paramount—that the new musical settings should be informed by the flavor and conditions of the opera’s 18th-century origins, and that the final product should sacrifice none of the charm, vitality, and immediacy that were the hallmarks of ballad opera during the colonial period. This record¬ing presents the newly-created musical portion of The Disappointment, and Barton’s entertaining theatre piece may finally begin to reach its intended public.
Scene 2. Trushoop, who has been keeping late hours in order to plan for the recovery of the--treasure. finds himself locked out of his own house at night. His wife has little sympathy for his plight, since Trushoop’s vow of secrecy has left his tardi¬ness unexplained.
Scene 3. Moll Placket has no difficulty in prying she secret of the treasure from her keeper. Raccoon. She in turn decides that she will desert him as soon as he has made her wealthy. (Airs 4 and 5)
Scene 4. Hum, Quadrant, and Rattletrap confer in a street to ensure that all prepara¬tions for the treasure hunt have been made, including a spectacular, phony display of magic by Rattletrap.
Scene 5. McSnip abuses and insults the employees at his tailor’s shop, since he anticipates that he will have little use for them in the future. (Air 6)
Scene 6. Lucy and Meanwell find their marriage plans obstructed, because Washball has suddenly decided that a rich man’s niece might find a more suitable mate. Washball arrives and drives Meanwell from his house. (Air 7)
Scene 7, The humorists and dupes together make final preparations for their night¬time treasure hunt. Each member of the party declares his readiness and courage in the face of the anticipated dangers. (Airs 3-10)
returns home unexpectedly. The sailor hides under the bed, but Raccoon’s suspicions are aroused. Topinlift finally manages an escape when Moll pretends that she is conjuring up a beneficent spirit to aid Raccoon in his quest for the treasure. (Airs 11-13)
Scene 2. The search party reaches the place where the treasure is buried. Rattletrap impresses the dupes with a mock ritual that is supposed to divine the location of the chest and free the treasure from the spirits of the dead. The dupes, thoroughly frightened but still determined, finally raise the chest from the earth and agree to carry it to Washball’s house, where the treasure can be divided on the following day. (Air 14)
Scene 3. Meanwell persuades Lucy to marry him despite her uncle’s objections. (Ast 15)
Scene 4. Washball decides to increase his share of the treasure by informing the king’s tax collector of the discovery. The wealth could then be divided between Washball and the king. The collector agrees to appear at Washball’s house.
Scene 5. The treasure hunters gather at Washball's home and are astonished when Washball appears with the king’s agent. Hum secretly informs the collector of the nature of the prank, while the rest of the group angrily berates Washball for betraying his fellows. The chest is pried open, and its contents are revealed—bricks and stones. The dupes are despondent. Their aspirations are dashed, and their gullibility is now a public spectacle. The situation- is eased by the appearance of Lucy and Meanwell, who have just been married and now seek Washball’s blessing. The dupes all repent of their foolishness and resolve to live better lives in the future. (Airs 16-IS and a Country dance)
Epilogue. The principal characters appear on the stage, some singing fragments of songs, and each comments on the play’s reception by the audience. (Closing Song)
Ballad opera
The term ballad opera is used to refer to a genre of English stage entertainment originating in the 18th century and continuing to develop in the following century and later. There are many types of ballad opera...
in two acts with a prologue and epilogue, to a text by an unknown author writing under the pseudonym "Andrew Barton". William Peterson, in 1766, claimed that the opera was written by a "son of Philadelphia College
The Academy and College of Philadelphia
The Academy and College of Philadelphia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, is considered by many to have been the first American academy. It was founded in 1749 by Benjamin Franklin....
," leading to speculation that the author may have been Francis Hopkinson
Francis Hopkinson
Francis Hopkinson , an American author, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence as a delegate from New Jersey. He later served as a federal judge in Pennsylvania...
or Jacob Duché
Jacob Duché
The Reverend Jacob Duché was a Rector of Christ Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the first chaplain to the Continental Congress....
. In his book on American drama, Walter Meserve claims that the author was named Thomas Forrest. Regarded as one of the first American operas, it was to have been performed on April 20, 1762 in Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States,...
but was cancelled at the last moment.
Samuel Adler
Samuel Adler (composer)
Samuel Hans Adler is an American composer and conductor.-Biography:Adler was born to a Jewish family in Mannheim, Germany, the son of Hugo Chaim Adler, a cantor and composer, and Selma Adler. The family fled to the United States in 1939, where Hugo became the cantor of Temple Emanuel in...
reconstructed the score for a performance on October 29, 1976 at the Library of Congress
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and...
in Washington
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
, as part of the Bicentennial celebrations of the United States of America
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. A critic published a lukewarm review of the performance at the time .
Selected liner notes from first recording, 1976
TV-S 34650The Disappointment (1767)
America’s First Ballad Opera
by
Andrew Barton
Musical Setting by Samuel Adler
Research by Jerald Graue and Judith Layng
Produced by Donald Hunsberger
Directed by Edward Berkeley
Musical Direction by Robert Spillman
Original Cast of the Library of Congress
Eastman School of Music Production
In April 1767, the Philadelphia public was primed for a theatrical event of uncommon interest. The most illustrious acting company in the colonies, David Douglass’ American Company, was preparing Andrew Barton’s ballad opera, The Disappointment, or, the Force of Credulity, for presentation at the handsome new Southwark Theatre. English plays and comic or sentimental operas had formed the staple repertoire of the company for some years, but Barton’s farce had signal im¬portance because it was the first ballad opera written by an American for American audiences. Moreover, its subject matter was closely linked to the concerns of the Philadelphia citizenry. It cleverly satirized the government of King George, but it also offered lampoons of several individuals living in Philadelphia at that time.
Alas, perhaps the comic barbs were too sharp and too close to home; the opera was not performed as planned, and a terse explanatory note in the Pennsylvania Gazette of April 22 announced that the play’s “personal reflections” rendered it “unfit for the stage.” It still seems remarkable that Barton’s vivacious comedy could have remained un¬produced for more than two hundred years, especially since historians have long recognized the play’s intrinsic merit. The reasons for this dormancy must be sought in the peculiar nature of ballad operas in the 18th century. Such works often became modest best-sellers as published librettos, and indeed Barton’s opera sold impressively in this form, first when it was published in New York in 1767, then later when a revised Philadelphia version appeared in 1796. However, the librettos contain no music whatever; the songs that occur throughout the play exist as texts only, along with the titles of the popular songs whose tunes would have been used for the songs in the play. Presumably, the musical arrangements for The Disappointment were discarded upon its cancellation or have been lost during the many years since. While librettos could be printed in many copies, musical arrangements typi¬cally were made in one copy only, for one particular production. Consequently, scores or parts for ballad operas have vanished in all except a mere handful of cases.
A reconstruction of the music for The Disappointment is desirable above all because the play is manifestly attractive, but also because it is a significant landmark in the history of the American musical theatre. Aside from its position as the earliest indigenous American opera it is believed to contain the earliest mention of the time honored tune, “Yankee Doodle
Yankee Doodle
"Yankee Doodle" is a well-known Anglo-American song, the origin of which dates back to the Seven Years' War. It is often sung patriotically in the United States today and is the state anthem of Connecticut...
.” -
To mark the 200th birthday of the United States, the Music Division of the Library of Congress and the University of Rochester’s Eastman School of Music chose to sponsor the reconstruction and production of this first American opera. The task of creating a musical complement for the play was undertaken by Samuel Adler and Jerald Graue of the Eastman School, in a composer-scholar collaboration, and their work was materially facilitated by the investigations of Judith Layng of Hiram College. The principal problems of the reconstruction fell into three general areas: the identification of the tunes themselves in early sources, the creation, of stylistically appropriate settings, and the determination of the size and make-up of the orchestra. In each prob¬lem area, two central requirements were regarded as paramount—that the new musical settings should be informed by the flavor and conditions of the opera’s 18th-century origins, and that the final product should sacrifice none of the charm, vitality, and immediacy that were the hallmarks of ballad opera during the colonial period. This record¬ing presents the newly-created musical portion of The Disappointment, and Barton’s entertaining theatre piece may finally begin to reach its intended public.
CAST
- Quadrant—Milford Fargo
- Washball—John Maloy
- Parchment—Arden Hopkin
- McSnip—Richard Hudson
- Rattletrap—William Sharp
- Topinlift—Richard Reif
- Raccoon—Joseph Bias
- Moll Placket—Elaine Bonazzi
- Miss Lucy-Ruth Weniger-Denison
- Meanwell-Tonio DiPaolo
Act I
Scene 1 Three of the humorists meet in a tavern to discuss the forged documents and fabricated story that will convince the dupes that the location of one of Blackbeard’s treasures has been discovered. Rattletrap, designated to impersonate a conjurer, joins the others before she dupes arrive. The dupes axe then cleverly drawn into the conspiracy, and they delight at the prospect of such a windfall. (Opening Song, Airs 1-3)Scene 2. Trushoop, who has been keeping late hours in order to plan for the recovery of the--treasure. finds himself locked out of his own house at night. His wife has little sympathy for his plight, since Trushoop’s vow of secrecy has left his tardi¬ness unexplained.
Scene 3. Moll Placket has no difficulty in prying she secret of the treasure from her keeper. Raccoon. She in turn decides that she will desert him as soon as he has made her wealthy. (Airs 4 and 5)
Scene 4. Hum, Quadrant, and Rattletrap confer in a street to ensure that all prepara¬tions for the treasure hunt have been made, including a spectacular, phony display of magic by Rattletrap.
Scene 5. McSnip abuses and insults the employees at his tailor’s shop, since he anticipates that he will have little use for them in the future. (Air 6)
Scene 6. Lucy and Meanwell find their marriage plans obstructed, because Washball has suddenly decided that a rich man’s niece might find a more suitable mate. Washball arrives and drives Meanwell from his house. (Air 7)
Scene 7, The humorists and dupes together make final preparations for their night¬time treasure hunt. Each member of the party declares his readiness and courage in the face of the anticipated dangers. (Airs 3-10)
Act II
Scene I. Moll Placket is pleasantly occupied with a sailor, Topinlift, when Raccoonreturns home unexpectedly. The sailor hides under the bed, but Raccoon’s suspicions are aroused. Topinlift finally manages an escape when Moll pretends that she is conjuring up a beneficent spirit to aid Raccoon in his quest for the treasure. (Airs 11-13)
Scene 2. The search party reaches the place where the treasure is buried. Rattletrap impresses the dupes with a mock ritual that is supposed to divine the location of the chest and free the treasure from the spirits of the dead. The dupes, thoroughly frightened but still determined, finally raise the chest from the earth and agree to carry it to Washball’s house, where the treasure can be divided on the following day. (Air 14)
Scene 3. Meanwell persuades Lucy to marry him despite her uncle’s objections. (Ast 15)
Scene 4. Washball decides to increase his share of the treasure by informing the king’s tax collector of the discovery. The wealth could then be divided between Washball and the king. The collector agrees to appear at Washball’s house.
Scene 5. The treasure hunters gather at Washball's home and are astonished when Washball appears with the king’s agent. Hum secretly informs the collector of the nature of the prank, while the rest of the group angrily berates Washball for betraying his fellows. The chest is pried open, and its contents are revealed—bricks and stones. The dupes are despondent. Their aspirations are dashed, and their gullibility is now a public spectacle. The situation- is eased by the appearance of Lucy and Meanwell, who have just been married and now seek Washball’s blessing. The dupes all repent of their foolishness and resolve to live better lives in the future. (Airs 16-IS and a Country dance)
Epilogue. The principal characters appear on the stage, some singing fragments of songs, and each comments on the play’s reception by the audience. (Closing Song)