Team X
Encyclopedia
Team 10, just as often referred to as "Team X", was a group of architects and other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of C.I.A.M. and created a schism within CIAM by challenging its doctrinaire approach to urbanism
.
in 1960; the last, with only four members present, was in Lisbon in 1981. Team 10's core group consists of the seven most active and longest-involved participants in the Team 10 discourse, namely Jaap Bakema, Georges Candilis, Giancarlo De Carlo
, Aldo van Eyck
, Alison and Peter Smithson
and Shadrach Woods
. Other participants and their contributions are of course important, particularly those of José Coderch, Ralph Erskine
, Pancho Guedes
, Rolf Gutmann, Geir Grung
, Oskar Hansen, Reima Pietilä, Charles Polonyi, Brian Richards, Jerzy Soltan
, Oswald Mathias Ungers
, John Voelcker
, and Stefan Wewerka. They referred to themselves as "a small family group of architects who have sought each other out because each has found the help of the others necessary to the development and understanding of their own individual work." Team 10's theoretical framework, disseminated primarily through teaching and publications, had a profound influence on the development of architectural thought in the second half of the 20th century, primarily in Europe.
Two different movements emerged from Team 10: the New Brutalism of the English members (Alison and Peter Smithson) and the Structuralism
of the Dutch members (Aldo van Eyck and Jacob Bakema).
"Core family members" included:
Urbanism
Broadly, urbanism is a focus on cities and urban areas, their geography, economies, politics, social characteristics, as well as the effects on, and caused by, the built environment.-Philosophy:...
.
Membership
The group's first formal meeting under the name of Team 10 took place in Bagnols-sur-CèzeBagnols-sur-Cèze
Bagnols-sur-Cèze is a commune in the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon région in southern France.-History:A small regional center, Bagnols-sur-Cèze was quite certainly a Roman town before the main part was built in the 13th century around a central arcaded square that is still preserved...
in 1960; the last, with only four members present, was in Lisbon in 1981. Team 10's core group consists of the seven most active and longest-involved participants in the Team 10 discourse, namely Jaap Bakema, Georges Candilis, Giancarlo De Carlo
Giancarlo De Carlo
Giancarlo De Carlo was an Italian architect.He was born in Genoa, Liguria in 1919. He trained as an architect from 1942 to 1949, a time of political turmoil which generated his philosophy toward life and architecture...
, Aldo van Eyck
Aldo van Eyck
Aldo van Eyck or van Eijk was an architect from the Netherlands.-Family:...
, Alison and Peter Smithson
Alison and Peter Smithson
English architects Alison Smithson and Peter Smithson together formed an architectural partnership, and are often associated with the New Brutalism .Peter was born in Stockton-on-Tees in north-east England, and Alison was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire...
and Shadrach Woods
Shadrach Woods
Shadrach Woods was an American architect, urban planner and theorist. Schooled in engineering at New York University and in literature and philosophy at Trinity College, Dublin, Woods joined the Paris office of Le Corbusier in 1948...
. Other participants and their contributions are of course important, particularly those of José Coderch, Ralph Erskine
Ralph Erskine (architect)
Ralph Erskine, CBRE, RFS, ARIBA was an architect and planner who lived and worked in Sweden for most of his life.-Upbringing and influences :...
, Pancho Guedes
Pancho Guedes
Pancho Guedes, often Amancio Guedes is a Portuguese architect, sculptor, and painter. An archetype Eclectic Modernist born in Lisbon, Portugal, he went to the Portuguese territory of Mozambique when he was 7 years old...
, Rolf Gutmann, Geir Grung
Geir Grung (architect)
Geir Grung was a Norwegian architect.He was born in Bergen as a son of architect Leif Kuhnle Grung, and took his education at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry in 1949. He studied together with Sverre Fehn, and cooperated with him on several occasions. From 1954 he ran an...
, Oskar Hansen, Reima Pietilä, Charles Polonyi, Brian Richards, Jerzy Soltan
Jerzy Soltan
Jerzy Sołtan Born on March 6, 1913 in Prezma , died September 16, 2005 in Cambridge, MA; was a Polish architect who worked with Le Corbusier and was the Robinson, Jr., Professor of Architecture and Urban Design at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design , where he taught from 1959 until his...
, Oswald Mathias Ungers
Oswald Mathias Ungers
Oswald Mathias Ungers was a German architect and architectural theorist, known for his rationalist designs and the use of cubic forms. Among his notable projects are museums in Frankfurt, Hamburg and Cologne....
, John Voelcker
John Voelcker
John Harold Westgarth Voelcker was a British architect and designer. He was the first Professor of Architecture at the University of Glasgow.Voelcker was born in Preston, Lancashire...
, and Stefan Wewerka. They referred to themselves as "a small family group of architects who have sought each other out because each has found the help of the others necessary to the development and understanding of their own individual work." Team 10's theoretical framework, disseminated primarily through teaching and publications, had a profound influence on the development of architectural thought in the second half of the 20th century, primarily in Europe.
Two different movements emerged from Team 10: the New Brutalism of the English members (Alison and Peter Smithson) and the Structuralism
Structuralism (architecture)
Structuralism as a movement in architecture and urban planning evolved around the middle of the 20th century. It was a reaction to CIAM-Functionalism , which had led to a lifeless expression of urban planning that ignored the identity of the inhabitants and urban forms.Two different manifestations...
of the Dutch members (Aldo van Eyck and Jacob Bakema).
"Core family members" included:
- Jacob B. BakemaJacob B. BakemaJacob Berend Bakema was a Dutch modernist architect, notable for his public housing and involvement in the reconstruction of Rotterdam after the Second World War....
, The Netherlands - Aldo van EyckAldo van EyckAldo van Eyck or van Eijk was an architect from the Netherlands.-Family:...
, The Netherlands - Alison and Peter SmithsonAlison and Peter SmithsonEnglish architects Alison Smithson and Peter Smithson together formed an architectural partnership, and are often associated with the New Brutalism .Peter was born in Stockton-on-Tees in north-east England, and Alison was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire...
, England - Georges Candilis, Greece
- Shadrach WoodsShadrach WoodsShadrach Woods was an American architect, urban planner and theorist. Schooled in engineering at New York University and in literature and philosophy at Trinity College, Dublin, Woods joined the Paris office of Le Corbusier in 1948...
, USA/France - Giancarlo De CarloGiancarlo De CarloGiancarlo De Carlo was an Italian architect.He was born in Genoa, Liguria in 1919. He trained as an architect from 1942 to 1949, a time of political turmoil which generated his philosophy toward life and architecture...
, Italy
History
Team 10's core group started meeting within the context of CIAM, the international platform for modern architects founded in 1928.Selected bibliography
- Risselada, Max and van den Heuvel, Dirk (eds),Team 10 1953-1981, In Search of A Utopia of the Present, Published by: NAi Publishers, Rotterdam 2005, ISBN 90-5662-471-7.
- Avermaete, Tom,Another Modern: The Postwar Architecture and Urbanism of Candilis-Josic-Woods, Published by: NAi Publishers, Rotterdam 2005.
- Smithson, Alison, ed., Team 10 Primer, MIT Press, Boston, 1968, ISBN 0-289-79556-7
- Smithson, Alison, ed., Team 10 Meetings: 1953-1984, Delft/New York 1991
- Smithson, A., The City Centre Full of Holes , Architecture Association Quarterly 1977, no. 2-3, 4-23
- Smithson, A. and P. Smithson, The Heroic Period of Modern Architecture, London/Milan 1981 [reprint of Architectural Design December 1965]
- Smithson, P., Three Generations , in: ILA&UD Annual Report 1980, Urbino 1981
- Smithson, A. (ed.), The Emergence of Team 10 out of CIAM: Documents, London 1982
- Smithson, A., and P. Smithson, The Shift, London 1982 Smithson, P., To Establish a Territory, in: ILA&UD Annual Report 1985-86, Siena 1986
- Smithson, P., Conglomerate Ordering , in: ILA&UD Annual Report 1986-87, Siena 1987
- Smithson, A. and P. Smithson, Thirty Years of Thoughts on the House and Housing 1951-1981, in: D. Lasdun (ed.), Architecture in an Age of Scepticism, London 1984, 172-191
- Smithson, A., Héritage: Carré Bleu, Paris, Le Carré Bleu 1988, summer
- Smithson, A. and P. Smithson, Italian Thoughts, Stockholm 1993
- Smithson, P., Markers on the Land, ILA&UD Annual Report 1992-1993, Urbino 1993
- Smithson, A., and P. Smithson, Whatever Happened to Metabolism? A Summons to the Fourth Generation, The Japan Architect 1988, April
- Smithson, A. and P. Smithson, Changing the Art of Inhabitation; Mies Pieces, Eames Dreams, The Smithsons, London 1994
- Smithson, A. and P. Smithson, The Charged Void: Architecture, New York 2001
- Smithson, A. and P. Smithson, The Charged Void: Urbanism, New York 2005
- Vidotto, M., Alison and Peter Smithson: Work and Projects, Barcelona 1997
- Bakema, J., Gedachten achter architectuur, Rotterdam 1977
- Bakema, J.B., Thoughts About Architecture, London/New York 1981
- Eyck, A. van, Imagination and Competence : No Misplaced Suburbia / The Enigma of Size, Spazio e Società 1979, no. 8, December, 43-78
- Eyck, A. van, What Is and What Isn't Architecture; à propos of Rats, Posts and Other Pests (R.P.P.), Lotus International 1981, no. 28, 15-20
- Eyck, A. van, World Architecture 1983, no. 22, special issue, 22-45
- Eyck, A. van, Wasted Gain, in: D. Lasdun (ed.), Architecture in an Age of Scepticism, London 1984, 234-253
- Eyck, A. van, and H. van Eyck, Recent Work, Amsterdam 1989, with contributions by P. Buchanan, L. Lefaivre and A. Tzonis
- Bohigas, O., Aldo Van Eyck or a New Amsterdam School, Oppositions 1977, no. 9, 21-36
- Correa, F., Aldo van Eyck: a biographical conversation, Arquitecturas bis 1977, no. 19, 17-21
- Santis, P. De, Aldo van Eyck : scritti e architettura, Florence 2003
- Strauven, F. (ed.), Niet om het even wel evenwaardig; van en over Aldo van Eyck, Rotterdam 1986
- Strauven, F., Aldo van Eyck: The Shape of Relativity, Amsterdam 1998
- Candilis, G., ‘Housing and Development, CAU 1980, no. 68, 46-57
- Avermaete, T., Travelling Notions of Public and Private: The French Mass Tourism Projects of Candilis-Josic-Woods, OASE 2004, no. 64, 16-45
- Erskine, R., Democratic Architecture: The Universal and Useful Art , in: D. Lasdun (ed.), Architecture in an Age of Scepticism, London 1984, 72-93
- Egelius, M., Ralph Erskine: Architect, Stockholm 1990
- Carlo, G. De, The University Centre, Urbino, in: D. Lasdun (ed.), Architecture in an Age of Scepticism, London 1984, 50-71
- Carlo, G. De, and F. Karrer, Paesaggio con figure [interview], Spazio e Società 1988, no. 41
- Carlo, G. De, A New Theory of Urban Design, Spazio e Società 1990, no. 49
- Carlo, G. De, Architecture and the Spirit of Place, Building Design 1993, no. 1151, November, 17-23
- Carlo, G. De, Feminine Virtues; Alison Smithson, a Courageous Utopian, Architects Journal 1993, no. 8, 18-19* Karrer, F. and G. De Carlo, Architecture, Urban Planning, Society, Domus 1988, no. 695, 17-28
- McKean, J., Giancarlo De Carlo: Layered Places, Stuttgart 2004* Carlo, G. De, Notes on the Uncontrollable Ascent of Typology, Casabella 1985, no. 509-510, 46-51
- Maki, F. (ed.), De Carlo, Space Design 1987, no. 274, special issue, 6-64
- Pesci, R.O., Giancarlo De Carlo: From the Centre to the Periphery, Summa 1986, no. 225, 28-46
- Rossi, L., Giancarlo De Carlo: architetture, Milan 1988
- Avermaete, T., Mat-Building. Alison Smithson's Concept of Two Dimensional Density , in: Heynen, H., Vandenburgh, D. (eds.), Inside Density, Brussels 2003, 65-75
- Gunay, B., History of CIAM and Team 10, METU, journal of faculty of architecture 1988, no. 1, 23-44
- Johnston, P., (ed.), Architecture Is Not Made with the Brain: The Labour of Alison and Peter Smithson, London 2005
- Le Carré Bleu 1958-88, Architettura; cronache e storia 1989, no. 5 (403), May, 355-375
- Banham, R., The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic?, London 1966
- Lüchinger, A., Strukturalismus in Architektur und Städtebau / Structuralism in Architecture and Urban Planning / Structuralisme en architecture et urbanisme, Stuttgart 1980
- Mumford, E., The CIAM Discourse on Urbanism: 1928-1960, Cambridge, Mass. 2000
- Mumford, E., The Emergence of Mat or Field Buildings, in: Sarkis H. (ed), CASE: Le Corbusier's Venice Hospital and the Mat Building Revival, Munich/New York 2001, 48-65
- Pedret, A., CIAM and the Emergence of Team 10 Thinking, 1945–1959, PhD dissertation, MIT 2001
- Sarkis, H., et al. (ed.), CASE: Le Corbusier's Venice Hospital and the Mat Building Revival, Munich/New York 2001
- Zardini, M., Dal Team X al Team x From Team X to Team x, Lotus international 1997, no. 95, 76-97