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Solid state relay
 
 
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A solid state relay (SSR) is an electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay
Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an magnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts....
, contains no moving parts. The types of SSR are photo-coupled SSR, transformer-coupled SSR, and hybrid SSR. A photo-coupled SSR is controlled by a low voltage signal which is isolated optically from the load. The control signal in a photo-coupled SSR typically energizes an LED which activates a photo-sensitive diode
Photodiode

A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either electric current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation....
. The diode turns on a back-to-back thyristor
Thyristor

The thyristor is a Solid state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating N-type semiconductor and P-type semiconductor material. They act as bistable switches, conducting when their gate receives a current pulse, and continue to conduct for as long as they are forward biased ....
, silicon controlled rectifier
Silicon-controlled rectifier

A silicon-controlled rectifier is a four-layer solid state device that controls Electric current. The name "silicon controlled rectifier" or SCR is General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor....
, or MOSFET
MOSFET

The metal?oxide?semiconductor field-effect transistor is a device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. The basic principle of the device was first proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925....
 transistor
Transistor

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to Electronic amplifier or switch Electronics signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit....
 to switch the load.

Operation
Voltage applied to the control line of an SSR causes the LED to shine on the photo-sensitive diode.






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Encyclopedia


A solid state relay (SSR) is an electronic switch, which, unlike an electromechanical relay
Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an magnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts....
, contains no moving parts. The types of SSR are photo-coupled SSR, transformer-coupled SSR, and hybrid SSR. A photo-coupled SSR is controlled by a low voltage signal which is isolated optically from the load. The control signal in a photo-coupled SSR typically energizes an LED which activates a photo-sensitive diode
Photodiode

A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either electric current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation....
. The diode turns on a back-to-back thyristor
Thyristor

The thyristor is a Solid state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating N-type semiconductor and P-type semiconductor material. They act as bistable switches, conducting when their gate receives a current pulse, and continue to conduct for as long as they are forward biased ....
, silicon controlled rectifier
Silicon-controlled rectifier

A silicon-controlled rectifier is a four-layer solid state device that controls Electric current. The name "silicon controlled rectifier" or SCR is General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor....
, or MOSFET
MOSFET

The metal?oxide?semiconductor field-effect transistor is a device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. The basic principle of the device was first proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925....
 transistor
Transistor

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to Electronic amplifier or switch Electronics signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit....
 to switch the load.

Operation


Voltage applied to the control line of an SSR causes the LED to shine on the photo-sensitive diode. This produces a voltage between the MOSFET source and its gate, causing the MOSFET to turn on. An SSR based on a single MOSFET, or multiple MOSFETs in a paralleled array works well for DC loads.

There is an inherent substrate diode in all MOSFETs that conducts in the reverse direction. This means that a single MOSFET can't block current in both directions. For AC (bi-directional) operation, two MOSFETs are arranged back to back with their source pins tied together. Their drain pins are connected to either side of the output. The substrate diodes then are alternately reverse biased in order to block current when the relay is off. When the relay is on, the common source is always riding on the instantaneous signal level and both gates are biased positive relative to the source by the photo-diode.

It is common to provide access to the common source so that multiple MOSFETs can be wired in parallel if switching a DC load. There is also commonly some circuitry to discharge the gate when the LED is turned off, speeding the relay's turn-off.

Advantages over mechanical relays

  • SSRs are faster than electromechanical relays; their switching time is dependent on the time needed to power the LED on and off, on the order of microseconds to milliseconds
  • Increased lifetime due to the fact that there are no moving parts, and thus no wear
  • Clean, bounceless operation
  • Decreased electrical noise when switching
  • Can be used in explosive environments where a spark must not be generated during turn-on
  • Totally silent operation
  • Smaller than a corresponding mechanical relay.


Disadvantages

  • Fail short more easily than electro-mechanical relays
  • Increased electrical noise when conducting
  • Higher impedance when closed (-> heat production)
  • Lower impedance when open
  • Reverse leakage current when open (ľA range)
  • Possibility of false switching due to voltage transients
  • Often more expensive than comparable electromechanical relays
  • Isolated bias supply required for gate charge circuit
  • Higher Transient Reverse Recovery time (Trr) due to the presence of Body diode


Images

Solid state relays
Solid State Relay
  


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