Sodium polystyrene sulfonate

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Sodium polystyrene sulfonate

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (or polystyrene sulfonic acid) is a type of polymer

Polymer

A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties....
and ionomer

Ionomer

An ionomer is a polymer that comprises repeat units of both electric charge neutral repeating units and a fraction of ionized units . Ionomers have unique physical properties including electrical conductivity and isoviscosity -- increase in ionomer solution viscosity with increasing temperatures.....
based on polystyrene

Polystyrene

Polystyrene , sometimes abbreviated PS, is an Aromaticity polymer made from the aromatic monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry....
.

polyanion is readily soluble in water, and insoluble in lower alcohols. The solid appears as white or off-white powder.

It may be prepared by polymerization

Polymerization

In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks or polymer chains....
or copolymerization of sodium styrene sulfonate or by sulfonation

Aromatic sulfonation

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Encyclopedia

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (or polystyrene sulfonic acid) is a type of polymer

Polymer

Ionomer

Polystyrene

Chemical properties

The polyanion is readily soluble in water, and insoluble in lower alcohols. The solid appears as white or off-white powder.

It may be prepared by polymerization

Polymerization

Aromatic sulfonation

Aromatic sulfonation is an organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an aromatic hydrocarbon is replaced by a sulfonic acid functional group in an electrophilic aromatic substitution....
of polystyrene. The harsh conditions used in this procedure lead to the occurrence of a number of side reactions. Double substitutions of the phenyl rings are known to occur, even with conversions well below 100%. Crosslinking reactions are also found, where condensation of two sulfonic acid groups yield a sulfonyl crosslink. On the other hand, the use of milder conditions such as acetyl sulfate leads to incomplete sulfonation. Recently, the ATRP

ATRP (chemistry)

ATRP or Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization is an example of a living polymerization or a controlled/living radical polymerization . Like it?s counter part, ATRA or Atom Transfer Radical Addition, it is a means of forming carbon-carbon bond through transition metal catalyst....
(Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) of protected styrenesulfonates has been reported, leading to well defined linear polymers, as well as more complicated molecular architectures.

Uses

General uses

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is used as a superplastifier in cement, as a dye improving agent for cotton and as proton exchange membranes in fuel cell applications. Crosslinked polystyrenes that are then sulfonated have found widespread use in ion-exchange applications.

Use in medicine

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate, Kionex) is a medication

Medication

A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine or medicament, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease....
used to treat abnormally high potassium levels

Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia Hyperkalaemia is an elevated blood level of the electrolyte potassium. The prefix hyper- means high . The middle kal refers to kalium, which is neo-Latin for potassium....
.

It may be taken orally or by rectum

Rectum

The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the Gastrointestinal tract in others, terminating in the anus....
, as an enema

Enema

An enema is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and Colon via the anus. Enemas can be carried out for medical reasons as a remedy for encopresis, as part of alternative health therapies, as punishment, and also for eroticism purposes, particularly to prepare for anal sex, and as part of BDSM activities....
, and functions as a potassium

Potassium

Potassium is a chemical element. It has the symbol K , atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash, hence the name....
-binding resin

Resin

Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly Pinophyta. It is valued for its chemical constituents and uses, such as varnishes and adhesives, as an important source of raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume....
in the intestine

Intestine

In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the Gastrointestinal tract extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine....
s.

The resin will absorb 1 mEq of potassium per gram and will release 1 mEq of sodium.

It is also an effective topical microbicide

Microbicide

A major effort is currently underway to develop topical microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases, that might be applied to condoms or directly to the genitals to block sexually transmitted diseases , such as HIV....
and spermicide

Spermicide

Spermicide is a substance that kills spermatozoon, inserted vaginally prior to intercourse to prevent pregnancy. As a contraceptive, spermicide may be used alone....
.

Side effects

Side effects can include electrolyte

Electrolyte

An electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrical conductor medium. Because they generally consist of ions in solution, electrolytes are also known as ionic solutions, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible....
disturbances such as low potassium levels

Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium in the blood is low. The prefix hypo- means low . Kal refers to kalium, the Neo-Latin for potassium, and -emia means "in the blood."...
, low calcium levels, and sodium

Sodium

Sodium is an element which has the symbol Na , atomic number 11, atomic mass 23 amu , and a common oxidation number +1. Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" ....
retention.

Intestinal disturbances are also common, including colonic necrosis, constipation

Constipation

Constipation, costiveness, or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system in which a person experiences hard feces that are difficult to expel....
, nausea

Nausea

Nausea is the sensation of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit....
and vomiting

Vomiting

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. Undesired vomiting may result from many causes, ranging from gastritis or poisoning to brain tumors, or elevated intracranial pressure....
, and lack of appetite.

Aspiration

Aspiration

Aspiration may refer to:*Aspiration , the release of a strong burst of air after some obstruents*Engine aspiration method:**Naturally-aspirated engine, an internal combustion engine that relies on atmospheric pressure for air intake...
can be a complication.