Significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) is a statistical technique

Statistics

Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments....

, established in 2001 by Tusher, Tibshirani and Chu, for determining whether changes in gene expression

Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA , transfer RNA or small nuclear RNA genes, the product is a functional RNA...

 are statistically significant. With the advent of DNA microarray

DNA microarray

A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome...

s it is now possible to measure the expression of thousands of genes in a single hybridization experiment. The data generated is considerable and a method for sorting out what is significant and what isn’t is essential. SAM is distributed by Stanford University

Stanford University

The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...

 in an R-package

R (programming language)

R is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The R language is widely used among statisticians for developing statistical software, and R is widely used for statistical software development and data analysis....

.

SAM identifies statistically significant genes by carrying out gene specific t-tests

Student's t-test

A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's t distribution if the null hypothesis is supported. It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known...

 and computes a statistic d_j for each gene j, which measures the strength of the relationship between gene expression and a response variable . This analysis uses non-parametric statistics

Non-parametric statistics

In statistics, the term non-parametric statistics has at least two different meanings:The first meaning of non-parametric covers techniques that do not rely on data belonging to any particular distribution. These include, among others:...

, since the data may not follow a normal distribution. The response variable describes and groups the data based on experimental conditions. In this method, repeated permutations of the data are used to determine if the expression of any gene is significant related to the response. The use of permutation-based analysis accounts for correlations in genes and avoids parametric

Parametric

Parametric may refer to:*Parametric equation*Parametric statistics*Parametric derivative*Parametric plot*Parametric model*Parametric oscillator *Parametric contract*Parametric insurance*Parametric feature based modeler...

 assumptions about the distribution of individual genes. This is an advantage over other techniques (for example ANOVA and Bonferroni), which assume equal variance and/or independence of genes.

Basic protocol

• Perform microarray
  Microarray
  A microarray is a multiplex lab-on-a-chip. It is a 2D array on a solid substrate that assays large amounts of biological material using high-throughput screening methods.Types of microarrays include:...
  
   experiments — DNA microarray with oligo and cDNA primers, SNP arrays, protein arrays, etc.
• Input Expression Analysis in Microsoft Excel — see below
• Run SAM as a Microsoft Excel Add-Ins
• Adjust the Delta tuning parameter to get a significant # of genes along with an acceptable false discovery rate (FDR)) and Assess Sample Size by calculating the mean difference in expression in the SAM Plot Controller
• List Differentially Expressed Genes (Positively and Negatively Expressed Genes)

Running SAM

• SAM is available for download online at http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~tibs/SAM/ for academic and non-academic users after completion of a registration step.

• SAM is run as an Excel Add-In, and the SAM Plot Controller allows Customization of the False Discovery Rate and Delta, while the SAM Plot and SAM Output functionality generate a List of Significant Genes, Delta Table, and Assessment of Sample Sizes

• Permutations are calculated based on the number of samples

• Block Permutations
  • Blocks are batches of microarrays; for example for eight samples split into two groups (control and affected) there are 4!=24 permutations for each block and the total number of permutations is (24)(24)= 196. A minimum of 1000 permutations are recommended;

the number of permutations is set by the user when imputing correct values for the data set to run SAM

Response formats

Types

• • Quantitative — real-valued (such as heart rate)
  • One class — tests whether the mean gene expression differs from zero
  • Two class — two sets of measurements
    • Unpaired — measurement units are different in the two groups; e.g. control and treatment groups with samples from different patients
    • Paired — same experimental units are measured in the two groups; e.g. samples before and after treatment from the same patients
  • Multiclass — more than two groups with each containing different experimental units; generalization of two class unpaired type
  • Survival — data of a time until an event (for example death or relapse)
  • Time course — each experimental units is measured at more than one time point; experimental units fall into a one or two class design
  • Pattern discovery — no explicit response parameter is specified; the user specifies eigengene (principal component) of the expression data and treats it as a quantitative response

SAM calculations

SAM calculates a test statistic for relative difference in gene expression based on permutation analysis of expression data and calculates a false discovery rate. The principal calculations of the program are illustrated below.



The s_o constant is chosen to minimize the coefficient of variation of d_i. r_i is equal to the expression levels (x) for gene i under y experimental conditions.



Fold changes (t) are specified to guarantee genes called significant change at least a pre-specified amount. This means that the absolute value of the average expression levels of a gene under each of two conditions must be greater than the fold change (t) to be called positive and less than the inverse of the fold change (t) to be called negative.

The SAM algorithm can be stated as

1. Order test statistics according to magnitude
2. For each permutation compute the ordered null (unaffected) scores
3. Plot the ordered test statistic against the expected null scores
4. Call each gene significant if the absolute value of the test statistic for that gene minus the mean test statistic for that gene is greater than a stated threshold
5. Estimate the false discovery rate based on expected versus observed values

SAM output

• Significant gene sets
  • Positive gene set — higher expression of most genes in the gene set correlates with higher values of the phenotype y
  • Negative gene set — lower expression of most genes in the gene set correlates with higher values of the phenotype y

SAM features

• Data from Oligo or cDNA arrays, SNP array, protein arrays,etc. can be utilized in SAM
• Correlates expression data to clinical parameters
• Correlates expression data with time
• Uses data permutation to estimates False Discovery Rate for multiple testing
• Reports local false discovery rate (the FDR for genes having a similar d_i as that gene) and miss rates
• Can work with blocked design for when treatments are applied within different batches of arrays
• Can adjust threshold determining number of gene called significant

External links

• SAM download instructions