Scripts (artificial intelligence)
Encyclopedia
Scripts were developed in the early AI work by Roger Schank
, Robert P. Abelson
and their research group, and are a method of representing procedural knowledge
. They are very much like frames
, except the values that fill the slots must be ordered.
The classic example of a script involves the typical sequence of events that occur when a person dines in a restaurant: finding a seat, reading the menu, ordering drinks from the waitstaff... In the script form, these would be decomposed into conceptual transitions
, such as MTRANS and PTRANS, which refer to mental transitions [of information] and physical transitions [of things].
Schank, Abelson and their colleagues tackled some of the most difficult problems in artificial intelligence
(i.e., story understanding), but ultimately their line of work ended without tangible success. This type of work received little attention after the 1980s, but it is very influential in later knowledge representation
techniques, such as case-based reasoning
.
Scripts can be inflexible. To deal with inflexibility, smaller modules called memory organization packets (MOP) can be combined in a way that is appropriate for the situation.
Roger Schank
Roger Schank is an American artificial intelligence theorist, cognitive psychologist, learning scientist, educational reformer, and entrepreneur.-Academic career:...
, Robert P. Abelson
Robert P. Abelson
Robert Paul Abelson was a Yale University psychologist and political scientist with special interests in statistics and logic....
and their research group, and are a method of representing procedural knowledge
Procedural knowledge
Procedural knowledge, also known as imperative knowledge, is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task. See below for the specific meaning of this term in cognitive psychology and intellectual property law....
. They are very much like frames
Frame (artificial intelligence)
Frames were proposed by Marvin Minsky in his 1974 article "A Framework for Representing Knowledge." A frame is an artificial intelligence data structure used to divide knowledge into substructures by representing "stereotyped situations." Frames are connected together to form a complete idea.Frames...
, except the values that fill the slots must be ordered.
The classic example of a script involves the typical sequence of events that occur when a person dines in a restaurant: finding a seat, reading the menu, ordering drinks from the waitstaff... In the script form, these would be decomposed into conceptual transitions
Conceptual dependency theory
Conceptual dependency theory is a model of natural language understanding used in artificial intelligence systems.Roger Schank at Stanford University introduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence...
, such as MTRANS and PTRANS, which refer to mental transitions [of information] and physical transitions [of things].
Schank, Abelson and their colleagues tackled some of the most difficult problems in artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its...
(i.e., story understanding), but ultimately their line of work ended without tangible success. This type of work received little attention after the 1980s, but it is very influential in later knowledge representation
Knowledge representation
Knowledge representation is an area of artificial intelligence research aimed at representing knowledge in symbols to facilitate inferencing from those knowledge elements, creating new elements of knowledge...
techniques, such as case-based reasoning
Case-based reasoning
Case-based reasoning , broadly construed, is the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems. An auto mechanic who fixes an engine by recalling another car that exhibited similar symptoms is using case-based reasoning...
.
Scripts can be inflexible. To deal with inflexibility, smaller modules called memory organization packets (MOP) can be combined in a way that is appropriate for the situation.