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Russian Federal Space Agency
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The Russian Federal Space Agency ( Federal'noe kosmicheskoe agentstvo Rossii, commonly known as "Roskosmos"), RKA, or RSA, formerly the Russian Aviation and Space Agency ( Rossiyskoe aviatsionno-kosmicheskoe agentsvo, commonly known as "Rosaviakosmos"), is the government agency responsible for Russia's space science programme and general aerospace research. Roskosmos' headquarters are located in Moscow, main Mission Control space flight operations center ("????? ?????????? ???????", Tsentr Upravleniya Poletom, "???" TsUP ) is located in a town nearby known as Korolev and Cosmonauts Training Centre (GCTC) is in Star City.
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Encyclopedia
The Russian Federal Space Agency ( Federal'noe kosmicheskoe agentstvo Rossii, commonly known as "Roskosmos"), RKA, or RSA, formerly the Russian Aviation and Space Agency ( Rossiyskoe aviatsionno-kosmicheskoe agentsvo, commonly known as "Rosaviakosmos"), is the government agency responsible for Russia's space science programme and general aerospace research. Roskosmos' headquarters are located in Moscow, main Mission Control space flight operations center ("????? ?????????? ???????", Tsentr Upravleniya Poletom, "???" TsUP ) is located in a town nearby known as Korolev and Cosmonauts Training Centre (GCTC) is in Star City. Launch facilities used are Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan (with most launches taking place there, both manned and unmanned) and Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia used primarily for unmanned flights of military designations.
This agency was the first to place an artificial satellite on orbit and to launch a man into space, and one of its astronauts holds the record of permanence in space.
Since his appointment as General Director in March, 2004, Anatoly Perminov has led Russia's efforts to consolidate its space program.
History
The RKA was formed after the breakup of the former Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Soviet space program. The RKA uses the technology and launch sites that belonged to the former Soviet space program. The launch sites are located mostly in the country of Kazakhstan and are maintained and utilized in cooperation with the government of Kazakhstan. The RKA has centralized control of Russia's civilian space program, including all manned and unmanned non-military space flights.
Initial progress
The Russian Space Agency suffered from a lack of funding in the post-Soviet period, a state of affairs that has begun to change in the last few years. The 1990's saw a decreased cash flow, which encouraged Roskosmos to improvise and seek other ways to keep space programs running. This resulted in Roskosmos' leading role in commercial satellite launches and space tourism. While scientific missions, such as interplanetary probes or astronomy missions during these years played a very small role, Roskosmos managed to operate the space station Mir well past its planned lifespan, contribute to the International Space Station, and continue to fly additional Soyuz and Progress missions.
Since 1992 Yuri Koptev has been the General Director of Roscosmos.
Renewed activity in 2005-2006
The Russian economy boomed throughout 2005 from high prices for exports, such as oil and gas, the outlook for future funding in 2006 appeared more favorable. This resulted in the Russian Duma approving a budget of 305 billion rubles (about 11 billion USD) for the Space Agency from 2006-2015, with overall space expenditures in Russia total about 425 billion rubles for the same time period. The budget for 2006 was as high as 25 billion rubles (about 900 million USD), which is a 33% increase from the 2005 budget. Under the current 10 year budget approved, the budget of the Space Agency shall increase 5-10% per year, providing the space agency with a constant influx of money. In addition to the budget, Roskosmos plans to have over 130 billion rubles flowing into its budget by other means, such as industry investments and commercial space launches.
Current programs
ISS involvement
The Russian Space Agency is one of the partners in the International Space Station (ISS) program; it contributed the core space modules Zarya and Zvezda, which were both launched by Proton rockets and later were joined by NASA's Unity Module. Roskosmos is furthermore responsible for expedition crew launches by Soyuz-TMA spacecrafts and resupplies the space station with Progress space transporters. After the initial ISS contract with NASA expired, RKA and NASA, with the approval of the US government, entered into a space contract running until 2011, according to which Roskosmos will sell NASA spots on Soyuz spacecrafts for approximately $21 million per person each way (thus $42 million to and back from the ISS per person) as well as provide Progress transport flights ($50 million per progress as oultined in the ESAS study ). RKA has announced that according to this arrangement, manned Soyuz flights will be doubled to 4 per year and Progress flights also doubled to 8 per year beginning in 2008.
RKA also provides space tourism for fare-paying passengers to ISS through the Space Adventures company. As of 2007, five space tourists have contracted with Roskosmos and have flown into space, each for an estimated fee of at least $20 million (USD).
Roskosmos has committed itself to further provide two additional modules to the ISS. The first, the Multipurpose Laboratory Module, would launch aboard a Proton Rocket in 2009, and the second, the Docking Cargo Module (which replaces the Russian Research Module), following in 2010 aboard the STS-131 Shuttle mission.
Science programs
RKA operates a number of other programs for earth science, communication, and scientific research. Future projects include the Soyuz successor, the shuttle Kliper, scientific robotic missions to one of the Mars moons as well as an increase in Earth orbit research satellites.
Rockets
Roskosmos is using a launch family of several rockets, the most famous of them is the R-7, commonly known as the Soyuz rocket, capable of launching about 7.5 tons into low Earth orbit (LEO). The Proton rocket (or UR-500K) also developed in the 60s but still flying, has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO. Smaller rockets include Cosmos-3M, the German-Russian cooperation Rockot and other launchers.
Currently rocket development encompasses both a new rocket system, Angara, as well as enhancements of the Soyuz rocket, Soyuz-2 and Soyuz-2-3. Two modifications of the Soyuz, the Soyuz-2.1a and Soyuz-2.1b has already been successfully tested, enhancing the launch capacity to 8.5 tons to LEO.
RKA manages by far the most commercial launches per year, in 2005 it performed nearly 50 % of all commercial satellite launches into space.
Kliper
One of RKA's projects that has made a large impact on the media in 2005 is Kliper, a small lifting body reusable spacecraft. While Roskosmos has reached out to ESA and JAXA as well as others to share development costs of the project, it also has stated that it will go forward with the project even without support of other space agencies. This statement was backed by the above-described approval of its budget for 2006-2015 which includes the necessary funding of Kliper.
Information on Kliper's entry into service and development status vary. Some sources state 2010 as the target year of first orbital test flight, others, 2012. In January, 2006, the final decision on Kliper was anticipated to be made from among three proposals from several Russian contractors with a decision to be announced in February. Later, the result of formal bidding on the project was expected to be revealed in July. However, RKA reportedly issued a statement in late July that bidding for the Kliper program had been cancelled due to the insufficiency of the bids tendered. It was believed that there would a two-year period within which the future direction of the program would be determined.
Russian spacecraft upgrade program
It has recently been reported that Kliper and Parom will be developed as part of Russian manned and cargo spacecraft "overhaul". It also appears that the joint spacecraft development study with ESA will be the inaugural stage of this overhaul program. According to the article, the spacecraft upgrade program stages are:
- 'Stage one: Starting in 2007, upgrade of Soyuz space vehicles. As a rule, each Soyuz crew consists of two professional astronauts and one space tourist. The revamped Soyuz, due to lift off in 2011, will carry two professionals and two passengers. Most importantly, it will be able to dock with the International Space Station, fly around the Moon and return to Earth at speeds of about 25,000 miles per hour, the equivalent of its escape velocity. (Note the similarity to ESA requirements - this may effectively make CSTS development redundant)
- 'Stage Two: Development of the Parom (Ferry) reusable transport system, which will replace the Progress cargo craft. The Parom system will comprise a reusable orbiter and expendable 12 metric ton freight containers, compared to the Progress spacecraft which can deliver 2.5 metric tons of dry and liquid cargo to the ISS.
- 'Stage Three: Launch of a Kliper-type reusable space shuttle featuring technologies that will be streamlined during the first and second stages.
Launch control
The military counterpart of the RKA is the Military Space Forces (VKS). The VKS controls Russia's Plesetsk Cosmodrome launch facility. The RKA and VKS share control of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where the RKA reimburses the VKS for the wages of many of the flight controllers during civilian launches. The RKA and VKS also share control of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. It has been announced that Russia is to build another spaceport in Vostochny. The Vostochny Cosmodrome is scheduled to be finished by 2018.
Historic Russian space gallery
People
Spacecraft
Launch vehicles
External links
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