Robert K. Crane
Encyclopedia
Robert Kellogg Crane is an American biochemist
best known for his discovery of sodium-glucose cotransport
.
, to Wilbur Fiske Crane, architect and engineer, and Mary Elisabeth Crane. He is the grandson of Stephen Crane
's brother Wilbur.
He received a B.S.
from Washington College
in 1942. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Crane studied in biochemistry
with Eric Ball at Harvard
from 1946 to 1949, then spent a year with Fritz Lipmann
at Harvard Medical School
, and received a Ph.D.
in Medical Sciences in 1950. He then joined Carl Cori
’s Department of Biological Chemistry at Washington University
School of Medicine in St. Louis, where he began his long interest in glucose metabolism
and worked until 1962. After that, he was professor and chairman of the department of Biochemistry at the Chicago Medical School
until 1966 and then became professor and chairman of the department of Physiology and Biophysics at Rutgers Medical School (now known as Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
) of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
until 1986. He received a Sc.D.
from Washington College
in 1982.
and its control. He demonstrated that neither the phosphorylation
-dephosphorylation
nor other covalent reactions accounted for glucose transport in the intestine.
In August 1960, in Prague, Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport
as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption. Cotransport
was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology and was the most important event concerning carbohydrate absorption in the 20th century.
led directly to the development of oral rehydration therapy
. This treatment counter-balances the loss of water and electrolyte
s caused by cholera via a glucose containing salt solution that accelerates water and electrolyte absorption. This is possible because cholera does not interfere with sodium-glucose cotransport.
Oral rehydration therapy saves the lives of millions of cholera patients in underdeveloped countries since the 1980s. In 1978, The Lancet
wrote : “the discovery that sodium transport and glucose transport are coupled in the small intestine, so that glucose accelerates absorption of solute and water, was potentially the most important medical advance this century.”
Prozac
, which treat depression by inhibiting the Na/serotonin cotransporters in the brain.
Furthermore, major pharmaceutical companies are developing inhibitors of the Na/glucose cotransporters to treat diabetes and obesity.
Biochemist
Biochemists are scientists who are trained in biochemistry. Typical biochemists study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms. The prefix of "bio" in "biochemist" can be understood as a fusion of "biological chemist."-Role:...
best known for his discovery of sodium-glucose cotransport
Co-transport
Co-transport, also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio...
.
Biography
Crane was born on December 20, 1919 in Palmyra, New JerseyPalmyra, New Jersey
Palmyra is a Borough in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2000 United States Census, the borough population was 7,091.Palmyra was originally incorporated as a township by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 19, 1894, from portions of Cinnaminson Township and Riverton...
, to Wilbur Fiske Crane, architect and engineer, and Mary Elisabeth Crane. He is the grandson of Stephen Crane
Stephen Crane
Stephen Crane was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism...
's brother Wilbur.
He received a B.S.
Bachelor of Science
A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years .-Australia:In Australia, the BSc is a 3 year degree, offered from 1st year on...
from Washington College
Washington College
Washington College is a private, independent liberal arts college located on a campus in Chestertown, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Maryland granted Washington College its charter in 1782...
in 1942. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Crane studied in biochemistry
Biochemistry
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes...
with Eric Ball at Harvard
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
from 1946 to 1949, then spent a year with Fritz Lipmann
Fritz Albert Lipmann
Fritz Albert Lipmann FRS was a German-American biochemist and a co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A. For this, together with other research on coenzyme A, he was awarded half the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 .Lipmann was born in Königsberg, Germany to a Jewish family.Lipmann...
at Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School is the graduate medical school of Harvard University. It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts....
, and received a Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
in Medical Sciences in 1950. He then joined Carl Cori
Carl Ferdinand Cori
Carl Ferdinand Cori was a Czech biochemist and pharmacologist born in Prague who, together with his wife Gerty Cori and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay, received a Nobel Prize in 1947 for their discovery of how glycogen – a derivative of glucose – is broken down and...
’s Department of Biological Chemistry at Washington University
Washington University in St. Louis
Washington University in St. Louis is a private research university located in suburban St. Louis, Missouri. Founded in 1853, and named for George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all fifty U.S. states and more than 110 nations...
School of Medicine in St. Louis, where he began his long interest in glucose metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms....
and worked until 1962. After that, he was professor and chairman of the department of Biochemistry at the Chicago Medical School
Chicago Medical School
The Chicago Medical School is one of the graduate schools of Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science. Founded in 1912, The Chicago Medical School has nearly a 100 year history of a broadly-based socially constructive admission process relatively unlike that of other medical colleges....
until 1966 and then became professor and chairman of the department of Physiology and Biophysics at Rutgers Medical School (now known as Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School is a public medical school located in Piscataway and New Brunswick, New Jersey, and one of the eight schools of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey . In cooperation with Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, the medical school’s principal...
) of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey is the state-run health sciences institution of New Jersey, United States. It has eight distinct academic units...
until 1986. He received a Sc.D.
Doctor of Science
Doctor of Science , usually abbreviated Sc.D., D.Sc., S.D. or Dr.Sc., is an academic research degree awarded in a number of countries throughout the world. In some countries Doctor of Science is the name used for the standard doctorate in the sciences, elsewhere the Sc.D...
from Washington College
Washington College
Washington College is a private, independent liberal arts college located on a campus in Chestertown, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Maryland granted Washington College its charter in 1782...
in 1982.
Discovery of cotransport
In the 1950s, Crane played a central role in establishing that glucose transport into the cell was the first step in glucose metabolismCarbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms....
and its control. He demonstrated that neither the phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a protein or other organic molecule. Phosphorylation activates or deactivates many protein enzymes....
-dephosphorylation
Dephosphorylation
Dephosphorylation is the essential process of removing phosphate groups from an organic compound by hydrolysis. Its opposite is phosphorylation...
nor other covalent reactions accounted for glucose transport in the intestine.
Co-transport
Co-transport, also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio...
as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption. Cotransport
Co-transport
Co-transport, also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio...
was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology and was the most important event concerning carbohydrate absorption in the 20th century.
Application in oral rehydration therapy
Crane’s discovery of cotransportCo-transport
Co-transport, also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio...
led directly to the development of oral rehydration therapy
Oral rehydration therapy
Oral rehydration therapy is a simple treatment for dehydration associated with diarrhoea, particularly gastroenteritis or gastroenteropathy, such as that caused by cholera or rotavirus. ORT consists of a solution of salts and sugars which is taken by mouth...
. This treatment counter-balances the loss of water and electrolyte
Electrolyte
In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. The most typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible....
s caused by cholera via a glucose containing salt solution that accelerates water and electrolyte absorption. This is possible because cholera does not interfere with sodium-glucose cotransport.
Oral rehydration therapy saves the lives of millions of cholera patients in underdeveloped countries since the 1980s. In 1978, The Lancet
The Lancet
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is one of the world's best known, oldest, and most respected general medical journals...
wrote : “the discovery that sodium transport and glucose transport are coupled in the small intestine, so that glucose accelerates absorption of solute and water, was potentially the most important medical advance this century.”
Applications in pharmaceutical drugs
Crane’s discovery is also used in block buster drugs, such as the SSRISelective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor are a class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders. The efficacy of SSRIs is disputed...
Prozac
Fluoxetine
Fluoxetine is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. It is manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company...
, which treat depression by inhibiting the Na/serotonin cotransporters in the brain.
Furthermore, major pharmaceutical companies are developing inhibitors of the Na/glucose cotransporters to treat diabetes and obesity.
Awards and honors
- First Place, Southeast Regional Scholarship Competition, Lehigh UniversityLehigh UniversityLehigh University is a private, co-educational university located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of the United States. It was established in 1865 by Asa Packer as a four-year technical school, but has grown to include studies in a wide variety of disciplines...
, 1938. - Kent County Scholar, Washington CollegeWashington CollegeWashington College is a private, independent liberal arts college located on a campus in Chestertown, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Maryland granted Washington College its charter in 1782...
, 1941-42. - Atomic Energy CommissionUnited States Atomic Energy CommissionThe United States Atomic Energy Commission was an agency of the United States government established after World War II by Congress to foster and control the peace time development of atomic science and technology. President Harry S...
Predoctoral Fellow, 1948-49. - Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of ScienceAmerican Association for the Advancement of ScienceThe American Association for the Advancement of Science is an international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the...
, 1957. - Headmaster's Alumni Medal, St. Andrew's School, 1963.
- Alumni Award, Washington CollegeWashington CollegeWashington College is a private, independent liberal arts college located on a campus in Chestertown, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Maryland granted Washington College its charter in 1782...
, 1963. - Fellow, American Institute of Chemists, 1968.
- Distinguished Achievement Award, American Gastroenterological AssociationAmerican Gastroenterological AssociationThe American Gastroenterological Association "AGA" is a medical association of gastroenterologists. About 17,000 scientists and physicians are members of the organization.-Overview:...
, 1969. - Sir Arthur Hurst Memorial Lectureship, British Society of GastroenterologyBritish Society of GastroenterologyThe British Society of Gastroenterology is a British professional organisation of gastroenterologists, surgeons, pathologists, radiologists, scientists, nurses, dietitians and others amongst its members, which number over 3,000. It was founded in 1937, and is a registered charity...
, 1969. - Gastrointestinal Section Lectureship, American Physiological SocietyAmerican Physiological SocietyThe American Physiological Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members. Of them, 21 were graduates of medical schools, but only 12 had studied in schools that had a professor of physiology. Today, the APS has 10,500 members, most of whom hold doctoral degrees in medicine, physiology or other...
, 1971. - Fellow, New York Academy of SciencesNew York Academy of SciencesThe New York Academy of Sciences is the third oldest scientific society in the United States. An independent, non-profit organization with more than members in 140 countries, the Academy’s mission is to advance understanding of science and technology...
, 1976. - Dr. Harold Lamport Award, New York Academy of SciencesNew York Academy of SciencesThe New York Academy of Sciences is the third oldest scientific society in the United States. An independent, non-profit organization with more than members in 140 countries, the Academy’s mission is to advance understanding of science and technology...
, 1977. - Doctor of ScienceDoctor of ScienceDoctor of Science , usually abbreviated Sc.D., D.Sc., S.D. or Dr.Sc., is an academic research degree awarded in a number of countries throughout the world. In some countries Doctor of Science is the name used for the standard doctorate in the sciences, elsewhere the Sc.D...
(honoris causaHonorary degreeAn honorary degree or a degree honoris causa is an academic degree for which a university has waived the usual requirements, such as matriculation, residence, study, and the passing of examinations...
), Washington CollegeWashington CollegeWashington College is a private, independent liberal arts college located on a campus in Chestertown, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Maryland granted Washington College its charter in 1782...
, 1982. - Honorary Chairman, International Symposium on the 25th Anniversary of the Gradient Hypothesis, Aussois, France, 18, 19 and 20 September 1985.
Selected bibliography
- Robert K. Crane and Anna K. Keltch. “Dinitrocresol and phosphate stimulation of the oxygen consumption of a cell-free oxidative system obtained from sea urchin eggs”. The Journal of General PhysiologyThe Journal of General PhysiologyThe Journal of General Physiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Rockefeller University Press. The journal covers biological, chemical, or physical mechanisms of broad physiological significance. The major emphasis is on physiological problems at the cellular and molecular...
32, 1949, pp. 503-509. - Robert K. Crane and Eric G. Ball. “Factors affecting the fixation of C1402 by animal tissues.“ Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
188, 1951, pp. 819-832. - Robert K. Crane and Eric G. Ball. “Relationship of C1402 fixation to carbohydrate metabolism in retina.“ Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
189, 1951, pp. 269-276. - Robert K. Crane and Fritz LipmannFritz Albert LipmannFritz Albert Lipmann FRS was a German-American biochemist and a co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A. For this, together with other research on coenzyme A, he was awarded half the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 .Lipmann was born in Königsberg, Germany to a Jewish family.Lipmann...
. “The relationship of mitochondrial phosphate to aerobic phosphate bond generation”. Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
201, 1953, pp. 245-246. - Robert K. Crane and Fritz LipmannFritz Albert LipmannFritz Albert Lipmann FRS was a German-American biochemist and a co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A. For this, together with other research on coenzyme A, he was awarded half the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 .Lipmann was born in Königsberg, Germany to a Jewish family.Lipmann...
. “The effect of arsenate on aerobic phosphorylation”. Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
201, 1953, pp. 235-243. - Robert K. Crane and Alberto Sols. “The association of hexokinase with particulate fractions of brain and other tissue homogenates”. Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
203, 1953, pp. 273-292. - Alberto Sols and Robert K. Crane. “The inhibition of brain hexokinase by adenosinediphosphate and sulfhydryl reagents“. Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
206, 1954, pp. 925-936. - Robert K. Crane and Alberto Sols. “The non-competitive inhibition of brain hexokinase by glucose 6-phosphate and related compounds”. Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
210, 1954, pp. 597-606. - Alberto Sols and Robert K. Crane. “Substrate specificity of brain hexokinase”. Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
210, 1954, pp. 581-595. - Robert K. Crane, Richard A. Field and Carl F. CoriCarl Ferdinand CoriCarl Ferdinand Cori was a Czech biochemist and pharmacologist born in Prague who, together with his wife Gerty Cori and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay, received a Nobel Prize in 1947 for their discovery of how glycogen – a derivative of glucose – is broken down and...
. “Studies of tissue permeability I. The penetration of sugars into Ehrlich ascites tumor cells“. Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
224, 1957, pp. 649-662. - Robert K. Crane and T. Hastings Wilson. “In vitro method for the study of the rate of intestinal absorption of sugars”. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 12, 1958, pp. 145–146.
- Stephen M. Krane and Robert K. Crane. “The accumulation of D-galactose against a concentration gradient by slices of rabbit kidney cortex“. Journal of Biological ChemistryJournal of Biological ChemistryThe Journal of Biological Chemistry is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1905. Since 1925 it is published by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. It covers research in any area of biochemistry or molecular biology. The editor-in-chief is...
234, 1959, pp. 211-216. - Robert K. Crane. “Intestinal absorption of sugars”. Physiological ReviewsPhysiological ReviewsPhysiological Reviews is a journal published quarterly by the American Physiological Society. Physiological Reviews provides state of the art coverage of timely issues in the physiological and biomedical sciences. It appeals to physiologists, neuroscientists, cell biologists, biophysicists, and...
, Vol. 40, 1960, pp. 789–825. - Robert K. Crane, D. Miller and I. Bihler. “The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars”. In: Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960. Edited by A. Kleinzeller and A. Kotyk. Czech Academy of SciencesAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicThe Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic was established in 1992 by the Czech National Council as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The Academy is the leading non-university public research institution in the Czech Republic...
, Prague, 1961, pp. 439–449. - D. Miller and Robert K. Crane. “The digestive function of epithelium of the small intestine. 1. An intracellular locus of disaccharide and sugar phosphate ester hydrolysis”. Biochimica et Biophysica ActaBiochimica et Biophysica ActaBiochimica et Biophysica Acta is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of biochemistry and biophysics that was established in 1947...
52, 1961, pp. 281–293. - Robert K. Crane. “Hypothesis for mechanism of intestinal active transport of sugars” Federation Proc. 21, 1962, pp. 891–895.
- David Miller and Robert K. Crane. “The digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine“. American Journal of Clinical NutritionAmerican Journal of Clinical NutritionThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal in the field of clinical nutrition.According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2009 impact factor of 6.307, ranking it third among 66 journals in the category "Nutrition & Dietetics".The journal was...
12, 1963, pp. 220-227. - Alexander Eichholz and Robert K. Crane. “Studies on the organization of the brush border in intestinal epithelial cells I. Tris density gradient disruption of isolated hamster brush borders and separation of fractions” Journal of Cell BiologyJournal of Cell BiologyThe Journal of Cell Biology is an international, peer-reviewed journal owned by The Rockefeller University and published by The Rockefeller University Press.- History :...
26, 1965, pp. 687-691. - Jane Overton, Alexander Eichholz and Robert K. Crane. ”Studies on the organization of the brush border in intestinal epithelial cells II. Fine structure of fractions of tris-disrupted hamster brush borders“ Journal of Cell BiologyJournal of Cell BiologyThe Journal of Cell Biology is an international, peer-reviewed journal owned by The Rockefeller University and published by The Rockefeller University Press.- History :...
26, 1965, pp. 693-706. - Robert K. Crane. “Structural and functional organization of an epithelial cell brush border”. Intracellular Transport, Symp. Intnl. Soc. Cell BioI. Vol. 5, B. Warren, Ed., Academic Press, 1966, pp. 71–102.
- Alexander Eichholz, K.E. Howell and Robert K. Crane. “Studies on the organization of the brush border in intestinal epithelial cells VI. Glucose binding to isolated intestinal brush borders and their subfractions”. Biochimica et Biophysica ActaBiochimica et Biophysica ActaBiochimica et Biophysica Acta is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of biochemistry and biophysics that was established in 1947...
193, 1969, pp. 179–192. - Robert K. Crane. “A perspective of digestive-absorptive function“. American Journal of Clinical NutritionAmerican Journal of Clinical NutritionThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal in the field of clinical nutrition.According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2009 impact factor of 6.307, ranking it third among 66 journals in the category "Nutrition & Dietetics".The journal was...
22, 1969, pp. 242-249. - Robert K. Crane. “Speculations about mechanism: The ecstasy of transport”. 21st annual meeting of the Gastrointestinal Section, American Physiological SocietyAmerican Physiological SocietyThe American Physiological Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members. Of them, 21 were graduates of medical schools, but only 12 had studied in schools that had a professor of physiology. Today, the APS has 10,500 members, most of whom hold doctoral degrees in medicine, physiology or other...
, 1971, pp. 1–16. - Alexander Eichholz and Robert K. Crane. “Isolation of plasma membranes from intestinal brush borders in Methods in Enzymology”. Vol. 31, part A, Biomembranes, S. Fleischer and L. Packer, Eds., Academic Press, 1974, pp. 123–134.
- Robert K. Crane. “The gradient hypothesis and other models of carrier-mediated active transport”. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vol. 78, 1977, pp. 99–159.
- Robert K. Crane. “Digestion and absorption: water-soluble organics”. International review of physiology, Gastrointestinal physiology II, Vol. 12, Robert K. Crane, Ed., University Park Press, 1977, pp. 325–365.
- Robert K. Crane. “Intestinal structure and function related to toxicity“. Environmental Health PerspectivesEnvironmental Health PerspectivesEnvironmental Health Perspectives is a peer-reviewed open-access medical journal published monthly by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2009 impact factor of 6.191....
33, 1979, pp. 3-8. - Robert K. Crane. “The road to ion-coupled membrane processes.” Comprehensive Biochemistry. Vol 35: Selected Topics in the History of Biochemistry, Personal Recollections l. (Neuberger, A., van Deenen, L. L. M. and Semenga, G., Eds.), ElsevierElsevierElsevier is a publishing company which publishes medical and scientific literature. It is a part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has operations in the United Kingdom, USA and elsewhere....
, Amsterdam, 1983, pp. 43–69. - Robert K. Crane. “Questions”. In : the proceedings of an International symposium on 25 years of Research on the Brush Border Membrane and Na+ gradient-coupled transport, Editors: Francisco Alvarado and others, INSERMInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale is a French biomedical and public health research institution.- Medical research organisation :...
symposium, No. 26, ElsevierElsevierElsevier is a publishing company which publishes medical and scientific literature. It is a part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has operations in the United Kingdom, USA and elsewhere....
-North Holland, Amsterdam, 1986, pp. 431–438. - Robert K. Crane. “Robert Kellogg Crane: A Scientist Remembers”. IUBMB LifeInternational Union of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology is an international non-governmental organisation concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology...
, Volume 62, Issue 8, August 2010, pp. 642–645.
Further reading
- C. A. Pasternak. “A Glance Back Over 30 Years”. Bioscience ReportsBiochemical SocietyThe Biochemical Society is a learned society in the United Kingdom in the field of biochemistry, including all the cellular and molecular biosciences.-Structure:...
, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1993, pp. 183-190. - Robert Joseph Paton WilliamsRobert Joseph Paton WilliamsRobert Joseph Paton Williams MBE FRS is an English chemist and an Emeritus Fellow at Wadham College as well as an Emeritus Professor at the University of Oxford. He was elected Fellow of The Royal Society in 1972 and is a Foreign Member of the Swedish, Portuguese, Czechoslovakian and Belgian...
. “The History of Proton-Driven ATP Formation”. Bioscience ReportsBiochemical SocietyThe Biochemical Society is a learned society in the United Kingdom in the field of biochemistry, including all the cellular and molecular biosciences.-Structure:...
, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1993, pp.193, 200-201, 203, 207. - Daphne A Christie, E M. Tansey (eds). “Intestinal absorption”. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, Vol. 8, The Wellcome TrustWellcome TrustThe Wellcome Trust was established in 1936 as an independent charity funding research to improve human and animal health. With an endowment of around £13.9 billion, it is the United Kingdom's largest non-governmental source of funds for biomedical research...
, London, 2000, pp. 17-35. - Stephen M. Kavica, Eric J. Frehmb and Alan S. Segalc. “Case Studies in Cholera: Lessons in Medical History and Science”. Yale Journal Of Biology And Medicine, Vol. 72, Issue 6, 1999, p. 404.
See also
- CotransportCo-transportCo-transport, also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio...
- Cotransporter
- Sodium-glucose transport proteinsSodium-glucose transport proteinsSodium-dependent glucose cotransporters are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa of the small intestine and the proximal tubule of the nephron . They contribute to renal glucose reabsorption...
- Glucose transporterGlucose transporterGlucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose over a plasma membrane. Because glucose is a vital source of energy for all life these transporters are present in all phyla...
- Oral rehydration therapyOral rehydration therapyOral rehydration therapy is a simple treatment for dehydration associated with diarrhoea, particularly gastroenteritis or gastroenteropathy, such as that caused by cholera or rotavirus. ORT consists of a solution of salts and sugars which is taken by mouth...
External links
- Video interview of Robert K. Crane by Martin Frank, Ph.D., on November 17, 2009, for the American Physiological Society'sAmerican Physiological SocietyThe American Physiological Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members. Of them, 21 were graduates of medical schools, but only 12 had studied in schools that had a professor of physiology. Today, the APS has 10,500 members, most of whom hold doctoral degrees in medicine, physiology or other...
Living History of Physiology Project. In this interview Crane describes his training, career and professional interactions. - "For Living History" by Robert K. Crane : article for the American Physiological Society'sAmerican Physiological SocietyThe American Physiological Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members. Of them, 21 were graduates of medical schools, but only 12 had studied in schools that had a professor of physiology. Today, the APS has 10,500 members, most of whom hold doctoral degrees in medicine, physiology or other...
Living History of Physiology Project. - List of published works of Robert K. Crane for the American Physiological Society'sAmerican Physiological SocietyThe American Physiological Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members. Of them, 21 were graduates of medical schools, but only 12 had studied in schools that had a professor of physiology. Today, the APS has 10,500 members, most of whom hold doctoral degrees in medicine, physiology or other...
Living History of Physiology Project.