Rhadinovirus
Encyclopedia
Rhadinoviruses are a genus of herpesviruses that include the Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which causes Kaposi's sarcoma
, primary effusion lymphoma
and multicentric Castleman's disease
. Other names for the Rhadinovirus genus include Rhadinoviridae and gamma-2 herpesviruses. The term rhadino comes from the Latin fragile, referring to the tendency of the viral genome to break apart when it is isolated. They are large double-stranded viruses that possess up to 100 genes in a single long chromosome, which is flanked by repetitive DNA sequences called terminal repeats. In general, rhadinoviruses infect lymphocytes and adherent cells, such as fibroblast
s, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells and once infection occurs, it is, in general, life-long. Rhadinoviruses have been found in New World monkey
s such as the squirrel monkey
s (herpesvirus saimiri) and in mice (murine gammaherpesvirus-68). More recently, both KSHV-like viruses and a new form of rhadinovirus called rhesus rhadinovirus have been discovered in Old World monkey
s. These findings suggest that an additional human tumor virus related to KSHV may be found in humans.
Rhadinoviruses are unique because they have mastered the ability to pirate cellular genes from their host cells and incorporate them into their genomes. For example, most rhadinoviruses have a copy of the cyclin gene, which regulates the ability of the cell to divide. These viruses tend to cause tumors when infection occurs outside of their native hosts or in the case of KSHV, in humans when the host is immunosuppressed due to AIDS, old age, or in the setting of organ transplantation.
Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma is a tumor caused by Human herpesvirus 8 , also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus . It was originally described by Moritz Kaposi , a Hungarian dermatologist practicing at the University of Vienna in 1872. It became more widely known as one of the AIDS defining...
, primary effusion lymphoma
Primary effusion lymphoma
-Causes:It is caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus , also known as human herpesvirus 8 .In most cases, the lymphoma cells are also infected with Epstein Barr virus ....
and multicentric Castleman's disease
Castleman's disease
Castleman's disease is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder that can involve single lymph node stations or...
. Other names for the Rhadinovirus genus include Rhadinoviridae and gamma-2 herpesviruses. The term rhadino comes from the Latin fragile, referring to the tendency of the viral genome to break apart when it is isolated. They are large double-stranded viruses that possess up to 100 genes in a single long chromosome, which is flanked by repetitive DNA sequences called terminal repeats. In general, rhadinoviruses infect lymphocytes and adherent cells, such as fibroblast
Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing...
s, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells and once infection occurs, it is, in general, life-long. Rhadinoviruses have been found in New World monkey
New World monkey
New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Platyrrhini parvorder and the Ceboidea superfamily, which are essentially synonymous since...
s such as the squirrel monkey
Squirrel monkey
The squirrel monkeys are the New World monkeys of the genus Saimiri. They are the only genus in the subfamily Saimirinae.Squirrel monkeys live in the tropical forests of Central and South America in the canopy layer. Most species have parapatric or allopatric ranges in the Amazon, while S...
s (herpesvirus saimiri) and in mice (murine gammaherpesvirus-68). More recently, both KSHV-like viruses and a new form of rhadinovirus called rhesus rhadinovirus have been discovered in Old World monkey
Old World monkey
The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of primates, falling in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the clade Catarrhini. The Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting a range of environments from tropical rain forest to savanna, shrubland and mountainous...
s. These findings suggest that an additional human tumor virus related to KSHV may be found in humans.
Rhadinoviruses are unique because they have mastered the ability to pirate cellular genes from their host cells and incorporate them into their genomes. For example, most rhadinoviruses have a copy of the cyclin gene, which regulates the ability of the cell to divide. These viruses tend to cause tumors when infection occurs outside of their native hosts or in the case of KSHV, in humans when the host is immunosuppressed due to AIDS, old age, or in the setting of organ transplantation.
Species
- Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AIHV-1) - Malignant catarrhal fever virus
- Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 is a type of rhadinovirus that is believed to be responsible for causing hartebeest infections of malignant catarrhal fever.-Clinical Definition:...
(AIHV-2) - Hartebeest malignant catarrhal fever virus - Ateline herpesvirus 2 (AtHV-2) - Herpesvirus ateles
- Ateline herpesvirus 3
- Bovine herpesvirus 4Bovine herpesvirus 4-Introduction:Bovine herpesvirus 4 is a member of the Herpesviridae family. It is part of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae and genus Rhadinovirus....
(BoHV-4) - Movar virus - Equid herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2)
- Equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5)
- Equid herpesvirus 7 (EHV-7) - Asinine herpesvirus 2
- Hippotragine herpesvirus 1 (HiHV-1) - Roan antelope herpesvirus
- Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) - Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
- Macacine herpesvirus 5 (previously Cercopithecine herpesvirus 17, CeHV-17) - Rhesus rhadinovirus
- Murid herpesvirus 4Murid herpesvirus 4Murid herpesvirus 4 is a virus in the genus Rhadinovirus. It is a member of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae in the family Herpesviridae...
(MuHV-4) - Mouse herpesvirus strain 68 - Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) - Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever of cattle virus
- Saimiriine herpesvirus 2 (SaHV-2) - Herpesvirus saimiri