Quirky subject
Encyclopedia
Quirky subjects are a linguistic phenomenon whereby certain verbs specify that their subjects are to be in a case other than the nominative
.
For example a sentence like "*Me like him" is ungrammatical in Standard English because the subject is ordinarily in the nominative
. In many or most modern nominative–accusative languages this rule is inflexible, the subject is indeed in the nominative case, and almost all treat the subjects of all verbs the same. Icelandic
is of interest to linguistics as it has been argued to be a modern Indo-European language with an exceptionally large number of quirky subjects. Example: Mig (me) vantar (needs) penna (a pen-accusative). (I need a pen.) The verb is always in the third person.
The class of quirky subjects in Icelandic is a large one, consisting of hundreds of verbs in a number of distinct classes: experiencer verbs like vanta (need/lack), motion verbs like reka (drift), change of state verbs like ysta (curdle), verbs of success/failure like takast (succeed/manage to), verbs of acquisition like áskotnast (acquire/get by luck), and many others.
Old Swedish
also had quirky subjects. Swedish verbs forced subjects to agree in person around the 15th century, the advent of modern Swedish. Agreement in number remained in written Swedish as late as the 20th century, though, even though all subject–verb agreement had disappeared in speech by the 17th century.
Quirky subjects can also be found to a lesser degree across the West Germanic languages (including Old and Middle English as well as Modern German), the Romance languages, and the Slavic languages.
Many linguists, especially from various persuasions of the broad school of cognitive linguistics
, do not use the term "quirky subjects" since the term is biased towards languages of nominative–accusative type. Often, "quirky subjects" are semantically motivated by the predicates of their clauses. Dative-subjects, for example, quite often correspond with predicates indicating sensory, cognitive, or experiential states across a large number of languages. In some cases, this can be seen as evidence for the influence of active–stative typology.
Nominative case
The nominative case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments...
.
For example a sentence like "*Me like him" is ungrammatical in Standard English because the subject is ordinarily in the nominative
Nominative case
The nominative case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments...
. In many or most modern nominative–accusative languages this rule is inflexible, the subject is indeed in the nominative case, and almost all treat the subjects of all verbs the same. Icelandic
Icelandic language
Icelandic is a North Germanic language, the main language of Iceland. Its closest relative is Faroese.Icelandic is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic or Nordic branch of the Germanic languages. Historically, it was the westernmost of the Indo-European languages prior to the...
is of interest to linguistics as it has been argued to be a modern Indo-European language with an exceptionally large number of quirky subjects. Example: Mig (me) vantar (needs) penna (a pen-accusative). (I need a pen.) The verb is always in the third person.
The class of quirky subjects in Icelandic is a large one, consisting of hundreds of verbs in a number of distinct classes: experiencer verbs like vanta (need/lack), motion verbs like reka (drift), change of state verbs like ysta (curdle), verbs of success/failure like takast (succeed/manage to), verbs of acquisition like áskotnast (acquire/get by luck), and many others.
Old Swedish
Old Swedish
Old Swedish is the name for two separate stages of the Swedish language that were spoken in the Middle Ages: Early Old Swedish , spoken from around 1225 until 1375, and Late Old Swedish , spoken from 1375 until 1526.Old Swedish developed from Old East Norse, the eastern dialect of Old Norse...
also had quirky subjects. Swedish verbs forced subjects to agree in person around the 15th century, the advent of modern Swedish. Agreement in number remained in written Swedish as late as the 20th century, though, even though all subject–verb agreement had disappeared in speech by the 17th century.
Quirky subjects can also be found to a lesser degree across the West Germanic languages (including Old and Middle English as well as Modern German), the Romance languages, and the Slavic languages.
Many linguists, especially from various persuasions of the broad school of cognitive linguistics
Cognitive linguistics
In linguistics, cognitive linguistics refers to the branch of linguistics that interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, which underlie its forms...
, do not use the term "quirky subjects" since the term is biased towards languages of nominative–accusative type. Often, "quirky subjects" are semantically motivated by the predicates of their clauses. Dative-subjects, for example, quite often correspond with predicates indicating sensory, cognitive, or experiential states across a large number of languages. In some cases, this can be seen as evidence for the influence of active–stative typology.