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Prognosis (older Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
 p?????s??, modern Greek p?????s? - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical
Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
 term denoting the doctor
Physician

A physician, medical practitioner, doctor of medicine, or medical doctor practices medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and injury....
's prediction
Prediction

A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular event will occur in the future in more certain terms than a forecasting. The etymology of this word is Latin ....
 of how a patient will progress, and whether there is a chance of recovery. This word is often used in medical reports dictating a physician's view on a case.

areas where this type of prognosis prediction, or the use of prognostic indicators, is with Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma . It was named after Thomas Hodgkin, who first described abnormalities in the lymph system in 1832....
 and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

The non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a diverse group of hematological malignancy which encompass any lymphoma other than Hodgkin lymphoma.Lymphoma is a type of cancer derived from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell....
.






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Prognosis (older Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
 p?????s??, modern Greek p?????s? - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical
Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
 term denoting the doctor
Physician

A physician, medical practitioner, doctor of medicine, or medical doctor practices medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and injury....
's prediction
Prediction

A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular event will occur in the future in more certain terms than a forecasting. The etymology of this word is Latin ....
 of how a patient will progress, and whether there is a chance of recovery. This word is often used in medical reports dictating a physician's view on a case.

Methodology


Disease and Prognostic Indicators


Two areas where this type of prognosis prediction, or the use of prognostic indicators, is with Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease is a type of lymphoma . It was named after Thomas Hodgkin, who first described abnormalities in the lymph system in 1832....
 and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

The non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a diverse group of hematological malignancy which encompass any lymphoma other than Hodgkin lymphoma.Lymphoma is a type of cancer derived from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell....
. Specifically with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, physicians have developed the International Prognostic Index
International Prognostic Index

The International Prognostic Index is a clinical tool developed by oncologists to aid in predicting the prognosis of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma....
 to predict patient outcome.

Prognostic scoring is also used for other cancer outcome predictions. A Manchester score
Manchester score

Manchester score is an indicator of prognosis in small cell lung cancer. It is calculated from a number of physical and biochemical markers.A patient with small cell lung cancer scores one point for each of the following: -...
 is an indicator of prognosis in small cell lung cancer
Lung cancer

Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissue of the lung. This growth may lead to metastasis, which is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs....
.

Other medical areas prognostic indicators are used is in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) (Hy's Law
Hy's law

Hy's law is a Prognosis that a pure hepatotoxicity leading to jaundice, without a liver transplantation, has a case fatality rate of 10% to 50%....
) and use of an exercise stress test
Exercise stress test

An exercise stress test is an evaluation modality used in cardiology in which the ability of the heart to respond to stress, either actually induced by exercise or stimulated by pharmacologic maneuvers, is measured in a controlled clinical setting....
 as a prognostic indicator after myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction , commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the Blood flow to part of the heart is interrupted. This is most commonly due to occlusion of a coronary artery following the rupture of a Vulnerable plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids and white blood cells in the wall of an artery....
.

End of Life

Large areas of medicine are still missing statistical figures on the exact prognosis - in these matters the physician's previous experiences largely guides pronouncements in this matter. Medical studies have demonstrated that most doctors are overly optimistic when giving prognostic information, that is, they tend to overstate how long the patient might live. For patients who are critically ill, particularly those in an intensive care unit
Intensive Care Unit

An intensive care unit , critical care unit , intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit is a specialized department used in many countries' hospitals that provides intensive care medicine....
, there are numerical prognostic scoring systems that are more accurate. The most famous of these is the APACHE II
APACHE II

APACHE II is a severity of disease classification system , one of several ICU scoring systems. After admission of a patient to an intensive care unit, an integer score from 0 to 71 is computed based on several measurements; higher scores imply a more severe disease and a higher risk of death....
 scale. However, this scale is most accurate in the seven days prior to a patient's predicted death.

Knowing the prognosis helps determine whether it makes more sense to attempt certain treatments or to withhold them, and thus plays an important role in end-of-life decisions.

History

For the great 19th century physicians, particularly the French school, the main aim of medicine was not to cure disease, but rather to diagnose it and achieve a satisfying prognosis of the patient's chances. Only several decades later did the focus of efforts in Western medicine shift to curing disease.

See also

  • Diagnosis
    Diagnosis

    Diagnosis is the identification of the nature of anything, either by process of elimination or other analytical methods. Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines, with slightly different implementations on the application of logic and experience to determine the cause and effect relationships....
  • Nocebo
    Nocebo

    In its original application, "nocebo" had a very specific meaning in the medical domains of pharmacology, and nosology, and etiology.It was a subject-oriented adjective that was used to label the harmful, unpleasant, or undesirable reactions that a subject manifested as a result of administering an inert placebo, where these responses had...
  • Optimism bias
    Optimism bias

    Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency for people to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions. This includes over-estimating the likelihood of positive events and under-estimating the likelihood of negative events....
  • Placebo (origins of technical term)
  • Prognostics
    Prognostics

    Prognostics is an engineering discipline focused on predicting the future condition of a component and/or system of components. The science of prognostics is based on the analysis of failure modes, detection of early signs of wear and aging in complex systems and components, and correlation of these signs with an aging profile ....
  • Reference class forecasting
    Reference class forecasting

    Reference class forecasting predicts the outcome of a planned action based on actual outcomes in a reference class of similar actions to that being forecast....
  • Sign (medicine)
  • Symptom
    Symptom

    A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and not measured....
  • Thought experiment
    Thought experiment

    A thought experiment , sometimes called a Gedanken experiment, is a proposal for an experiment that would test or illuminate a hypothesis or theory....