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Principle
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A principle is a comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption. A rule or code of conduct. The laws or facts of nature underlying the working of an artificial device.
Principle of Casualty, as efficient cause
The efficient cause it the one that through it's action produces necessarily the effect, as long as the necessary and sufficient conditions are provided for the cause to act.
The scientific investigation consists, generally, in establishing, as from the effects, the causes that produces them.
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Encyclopedia
A principle is a comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption. A rule or code of conduct. The laws or facts of nature underlying the working of an artificial device.
Principle as cause
The principle of any effect is the cause that produces it.
Depending on the way the cause is understood the principle as cause acquires nuances.
Principle of Casualty, as efficient cause
The efficient cause it the one that through it's action produces necessarily the effect, as long as the necessary and sufficient conditions are provided for the cause to act.
The scientific investigation consists, generally, in establishing, as from the effects, the causes that produces them. About the "principle" that same causes always produce the same effects, it can be established the laws for which certain effects are produced. In this way the principle as cause in considered determinating in the production of the facts.
Each science establishes the type of principles or causes that determine their investigation, on which it establishes it's method.
About the believe that "every effect has a cause", it's considered that everything that exists must have a cause, which is considered as principle of casualty, that was formulated by Aristotle as "Everything that moves is moved by another". This principle has been frequently used as a demonstration of God's existence, along with the principle of sufficient reason.
Principle as a final cause
It is understood by final cause that which acts atracting towards the end that directs an action.
For that it is necessary an intelligence capable to concibe the end and orient the action putting the medias to reach that goal.
Science does not recognize the finality of the natural causes as guiding principle of the investigation.
It is also understood therefore that the princple guides the action as norm or rule of behaviour, which produces two types of principles.
Utility and Morality
When the medias subordinate themselves to the endings in order to an effectiveness, the principle acts as a guide to the action: "To achieve this goal, this and that should be done": it is the "principle of utility".
It supposes the conditionality of the norm in it's relation to the action, only the norm is effective "in condition to" what wants to be achieved at the end.
When the principle establishes in the individual conscience a norm of action is necessary to the realizations of a value like last, inconditionate and universal, in the sense of: "You must do this", on a mandatory standar, in a determinating way, it is considered a principle of ethicity.
It supposes the determination of the cause, as liberty and the obligation of excersising will as a determination.
If the principle is established as socialy obligatory in the realization of a value, not governed by the writen juridic law, "morality" is established.
Supone la indeterminación de la causa como acción libre y la aceptación de la norma por la pertenencia al grupo social.
It presumes too the indetermination of the cause as free action and the acceptance of the norm for the membership to the social group.
Principle as law
Principle as scientific law
Laws Physics. Laws Statistics. Laws Biological.
Laws of nature are those that can be proven explicitly, however we can msure and quantify them observing the results that they produce.
Principle as moral law
It represents a set of values that orientate and rule the conduct of a concrete society. The law establishes an obligation in the indivudual's conscience that belongs to the cultural field in which such values are accpeted. It supposes the liberty of the indivudual as cause, that acts without external coercion, through a process of socialization.
Principle as a juridic law
It represents a ser of values that inspire the written norms that organize the life of a concret society somited to the powers of an authority, generaly the State. The law establishes a social obligation, in a sanctious and coercive way, it therefore acts as principle conditioning of the action that limist the liberty of the individuals.
Principle as axiom or logical fundament
Principle of Efficient Reason
This is based in the true or intelligibility of the being. The being is identical and intelligible, in virtue that it is. (The intellegibility is the identity of the being, with inteligence) That in virtue of which the being is intelligible, is called the reason or fundament of being, there is the ontological principle: ‘’Every being has enough reason’’, without this enough reason, the identity with oneself would be lost, becoming a no-being and therefore nothing. If a being lacked enough reason, of explication, wouldn't be intelligible, conceiving itself as an absurd unreal no-being.
Principle of Identity
Comes in consequence in an undoubtable, necessary, and evident way of the characteristic of identity of the being, why? The being is the being, and whoever denies that statement would be against the previously exposed, but saying "what is, is what is" would seems as a trial merely analytical, (A = A) but realizing, in every sentence there is a direct relation, between the predicate, and the subject, to say: the earth is round, corresponds to a direct relation, between the subject, and the predicate, taking this to the sentence "the being is the being", we realize the principle of identity that the being possesses.
Principle of contradiction
"One thing can not be and not be at the same time, under the same aspect."
Example: It is not posible that in the exact same moment it rains and doesn't rain (in the same place).
Principle of the excluding third
The principle of the excluding third or "principium tertium exclusum" is a principle of the traditional logic formulated canonically by Leibniz as: or A is B or A isn't B. Read the following way: or P is true, or it's denial ¬P is.
It is also nown as "tertium non datur" ('A third (thing) is not). Classically it is considered that it is one of the most important fundamental principles or laws of thought (along with the princple of identity, of no contradiction and of sufficient reason).
Principle as a criteria of order and classification
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