Philip Hayes (general)
Encyclopedia
Philip Hayes was a Major-General
in the U.S. Army. He was the commander of the Third Service Command
from 1943 to 1946.
Hayes was in charge of the U.S. military's takeover, under the authority of the Smith-Connally Act, of the Philadelphia Transit Company in August 1944 that brought to an end the Philadelphia transit strike of 1944
. Earlier in his career, Hayes served as the chief of staff to Gen. Walter Short
, who was the commander of the Hawaiian Department at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, although Hayes was rotated from Hawaii back to the mainland in November 1941, shortly before the attack.
. He graduated from West Point in 1909, was commissioned into the Army there and remained at West Point as an instructor after graduation. He was later transferred to the field artillery and served in the Philippines
during World War I
. Given a field promotion to a temporary rank of Lt. Colonel during the war, Hayes reverted to his permanent rank of Captain after World War I
ended.
In 1919 he returned to West Point, first as an exchange officer and then as executive officer for athletics.
Philip Hayes was promoted to the rank of Major in July 1920. He then served as executive officer of the 76th Field Artillery Division at Camp Lewis, Washington
. In 1920s he held a number of executive posts and attended officer's school. After a one year course of study, Hayes graduated from the Army War College at Washington Barracks in 1930.
While serving as the chief of staff of the Hawaiian Department, Hayes warned of the possibility of a sneak attack on Pearl Harbor
by Japan. In standing orders to the Department, Hayes wote: "It is possible that a declaration of war upon the United States may be preceded by a surprise raid or attack on the Pearl Harbor Naval Base by hostile aircraft, submarines, or surface ships".
Hayes was transferred back to the mainland in late November 1941, due to a scheduled rotation, and stationed at Fort Bragg
.
From December 1941 to March 1942 Hayes briefly served as the professor of Military Science and Tactics at Harvard University
. After leaving Harvard, Hayes served as the chief of staff of Army's First Service Command
.
On June 22, 1943 Hayes was promoted to Brigadier General
. He served as deputy chief of staff of all Army Service Commands
and, effective December 1, 1943, was appointed the head of the Third Service Command
, covering Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia. In January 1944 Philip Hayes was promoted to the two-star rank of Major General
, with the U.S. Senate confirming his promotion on January 27, 1944.
As head of the Third Service Command, Hayes oversaw much of the logistics related to the war production in the Maryland-Pennsylvania-Virginia area; this included having to deal with a thorny issue of employment of prisoner of war, where the U.S. laws and the restrictions of the Geneva Convention were difficult to reconcile.
On August 3, 1944, under the provisions of the Smith-Connally Act, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an order authorizing the U.S. military's takeover of the Philadelphia Transit Company. The order was prompted by a massive sickout strike by the white transit workers protesting the decision to allow black transit employees to hold non-menial jobs, such as streetcar motormen and conductors. The strike paralized the public transportation system in Philadelphia and significantly disrupted the war production in the city. General Hayes was put in charge of the military seizure of the Philadelphia Transit Company. He acted decisively and brought the strike to an end within a few days. After brief negotiations, Hayes issued an ultimatum on August 5 that those strikers who would not return to work by August 7, would be fired and refused the War Manpower Commission
job availability certificates for the duration of the war, and that those between ages of 18 and 37 would also lose their military draft deferments. The strike was over by August 7 and the situation quickly returned to normal; the city of Philadelphia avoided a major outbreak of racial violence that had been feared by many at the start of the strike.
For his role in quickly bringing the Philadelphia strike to an end, Gen. Hayes was later awarded a Legion of Merit
.
Hayes was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal
in November 1945 for "his sustained efforts to maintain the flow of labor to factories and war industries and to expedite the supply of essential materials during a most critical period" of World War II
.
After retirement he held a number of public service, business and charitable posts. In 1946 Hayes was appointed chairman of Maryland's State Aviation Commission. Hayes was also active in a number of cancer charities.
Hayes suffered a stroke on November 9, 1949 and died on November 25, 1949 at the Walter Reed hospital in Washington.
Major general (United States)
In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, major general is a two-star general-officer rank, with the pay grade of O-8. Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general...
in the U.S. Army. He was the commander of the Third Service Command
Army Service Forces
The Army Service Forces were one of the three autonomous components of the Army of the United States during World War II, the others being the Army Air Forces and Army Ground Forces. They were created on February 28, 1942 by Executive Order Number 9082 "Reorganizing the Army and the War Department"...
from 1943 to 1946.
Hayes was in charge of the U.S. military's takeover, under the authority of the Smith-Connally Act, of the Philadelphia Transit Company in August 1944 that brought to an end the Philadelphia transit strike of 1944
Philadelphia transit strike of 1944
The Philadelphia transit strike of 1944 was a sickout strike by white transit workers in Philadelphia that lasted from August 1 to August 6, 1944....
. Earlier in his career, Hayes served as the chief of staff to Gen. Walter Short
Walter Short
Walter Campbell Short was a Major General in the United States Army and the U.S. military Commander responsible for the defense of U.S. military installations in Hawaii at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.-Early life:He was born in 1880 in Fillmore, Illinois...
, who was the commander of the Hawaiian Department at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, although Hayes was rotated from Hawaii back to the mainland in November 1941, shortly before the attack.
Early life, education and early military career
Philip Hayes was born on June 16, 1887 in Portage, WisconsinPortage, Wisconsin
Portage is a city in and the county seat of Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 10,662 at the 2010 census making it the largest city in Columbia County...
. He graduated from West Point in 1909, was commissioned into the Army there and remained at West Point as an instructor after graduation. He was later transferred to the field artillery and served in the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
during World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
. Given a field promotion to a temporary rank of Lt. Colonel during the war, Hayes reverted to his permanent rank of Captain after World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
ended.
In 1919 he returned to West Point, first as an exchange officer and then as executive officer for athletics.
Philip Hayes was promoted to the rank of Major in July 1920. He then served as executive officer of the 76th Field Artillery Division at Camp Lewis, Washington
Joint Base Lewis-McChord
Joint Base Lewis-McChord is a United States military facility located south-southwest of Tacoma, Washington. The facility is under the jurisdiction of the United States Army Joint Base Garrison, Joint Base Lewis-McChord....
. In 1920s he held a number of executive posts and attended officer's school. After a one year course of study, Hayes graduated from the Army War College at Washington Barracks in 1930.
Main military career
Hayes attained the rank of Lt. Colonel in March 1934. In 1936 he was transferred to Hawaii and became an assistant chief of staff at the Army's Hawaiian Department. In July 1938 Hayes was promoted to the rank of Colonel and he became the chief of staff of the Hawaiian Department in 1940.While serving as the chief of staff of the Hawaiian Department, Hayes warned of the possibility of a sneak attack on Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor, known to Hawaiians as Puuloa, is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet...
by Japan. In standing orders to the Department, Hayes wote: "It is possible that a declaration of war upon the United States may be preceded by a surprise raid or attack on the Pearl Harbor Naval Base by hostile aircraft, submarines, or surface ships".
Hayes was transferred back to the mainland in late November 1941, due to a scheduled rotation, and stationed at Fort Bragg
Fort Bragg (North Carolina)
Fort Bragg is a major United States Army installation, in Cumberland and Hoke counties, North Carolina, U.S., mostly in Fayetteville but also partly in the town of Spring Lake. It was also a census-designated place in the 2010 census and had a population of 39,457. The fort is named for Confederate...
.
From December 1941 to March 1942 Hayes briefly served as the professor of Military Science and Tactics at Harvard University
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
. After leaving Harvard, Hayes served as the chief of staff of Army's First Service Command
Army Service Forces
The Army Service Forces were one of the three autonomous components of the Army of the United States during World War II, the others being the Army Air Forces and Army Ground Forces. They were created on February 28, 1942 by Executive Order Number 9082 "Reorganizing the Army and the War Department"...
.
On June 22, 1943 Hayes was promoted to Brigadier General
Brigadier general (United States)
A brigadier general in the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, is a one-star general officer, with the pay grade of O-7. Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general. Brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral in the other uniformed...
. He served as deputy chief of staff of all Army Service Commands
Army Service Forces
The Army Service Forces were one of the three autonomous components of the Army of the United States during World War II, the others being the Army Air Forces and Army Ground Forces. They were created on February 28, 1942 by Executive Order Number 9082 "Reorganizing the Army and the War Department"...
and, effective December 1, 1943, was appointed the head of the Third Service Command
Army Service Forces
The Army Service Forces were one of the three autonomous components of the Army of the United States during World War II, the others being the Army Air Forces and Army Ground Forces. They were created on February 28, 1942 by Executive Order Number 9082 "Reorganizing the Army and the War Department"...
, covering Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia. In January 1944 Philip Hayes was promoted to the two-star rank of Major General
Major General
Major general or major-general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. A major general is a high-ranking officer, normally subordinate to the rank of lieutenant general and senior to the ranks of brigadier and brigadier general...
, with the U.S. Senate confirming his promotion on January 27, 1944.
As head of the Third Service Command, Hayes oversaw much of the logistics related to the war production in the Maryland-Pennsylvania-Virginia area; this included having to deal with a thorny issue of employment of prisoner of war, where the U.S. laws and the restrictions of the Geneva Convention were difficult to reconcile.
On August 3, 1944, under the provisions of the Smith-Connally Act, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an order authorizing the U.S. military's takeover of the Philadelphia Transit Company. The order was prompted by a massive sickout strike by the white transit workers protesting the decision to allow black transit employees to hold non-menial jobs, such as streetcar motormen and conductors. The strike paralized the public transportation system in Philadelphia and significantly disrupted the war production in the city. General Hayes was put in charge of the military seizure of the Philadelphia Transit Company. He acted decisively and brought the strike to an end within a few days. After brief negotiations, Hayes issued an ultimatum on August 5 that those strikers who would not return to work by August 7, would be fired and refused the War Manpower Commission
War Manpower Commission
The War Manpower Commission was a World War II agency of the United States Government charged with planning to balance the labor needs of agriculture, industry and the armed forces. It was created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Executive Order 9139 of April 18, 1942. Its chairman was Paul V...
job availability certificates for the duration of the war, and that those between ages of 18 and 37 would also lose their military draft deferments. The strike was over by August 7 and the situation quickly returned to normal; the city of Philadelphia avoided a major outbreak of racial violence that had been feared by many at the start of the strike.
For his role in quickly bringing the Philadelphia strike to an end, Gen. Hayes was later awarded a Legion of Merit
Legion of Merit
The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements...
.
Hayes was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal
Distinguished Service Medal (Army)
The Distinguished Service Medal is a military award of the United States Army that is presented to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the United States military, has distinguished himself or herself by exceptionally meritorious service to the Government in a duty of great...
in November 1945 for "his sustained efforts to maintain the flow of labor to factories and war industries and to expedite the supply of essential materials during a most critical period" of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
.
Retirement and later years
Gen. Hayes retired from the military in January 1946.After retirement he held a number of public service, business and charitable posts. In 1946 Hayes was appointed chairman of Maryland's State Aviation Commission. Hayes was also active in a number of cancer charities.
Hayes suffered a stroke on November 9, 1949 and died on November 25, 1949 at the Walter Reed hospital in Washington.
External links
- Hayes Philip, Major-General (1887–1949), www.generals.dk