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Participatory management is the practice of empowering
Empowerment

Empowerment refers to increasing the Spirituality, Politics, social or Economics strength of individuals and communities. It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities....
 employees to participate in organizational decision making
Decision making

Decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice....
. This practice grew out of the human relations movement in the 1920s, and is based on some of the principles discovered by scholars doing research
Research

Research is defined as human activity based on intellectual application in the investigation of matter. The primary purpose for applied research is discovery , interpretation , and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe....
 in management
Management

Management in business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leadership or directing, and Control an organization or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal....
 and organization studies, such as the Hawthorne Effect
Hawthorne effect

The Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity ,The term was coined in 1955 by Henry A. Landsberger when analyzing older experiments from 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works ....
.

While senior managers still retain final decision making authority
Authority

In government, authority is often used interchangeably with the term "power ". However, their meanings differ: while "power" refers to the ability to achieve certain ends, "authority" refers to a claim of legitimacy , the justification and right to exercise that power....
 when participatory management is practiced, employees are encouraged to voice their opinions about their working conditions in a safe environment, protected from the potential defensiveness of middle managers who they might criticize.

In the 1990s, participatory management was revived in a different form through advocacy of organizational learning
Organizational learning

Organizational learning is an area of knowledge within organizational theory that studies models and theories about the way an organization learns and adapts....
 practices, particularly by clients and students of Peter Senge
Peter Senge

Peter Michael Senge is an American scientist and director of the Center for Organizational Learning at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is known as author of the book The Fifth Discipline from 1990 ....
.

There is some criticism of participatory management (see Heckscher, below), particularly because it is difficult to combine this practice with a more financially oriented approach to restructuring
Restructuring

Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of partially dismantling or otherwise reorganizing a company for the purpose of making it more profitable....
 that may require downsizing.

e, Phil.






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Encyclopedia


Participatory management is the practice of empowering
Empowerment

Empowerment refers to increasing the Spirituality, Politics, social or Economics strength of individuals and communities. It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities....
 employees to participate in organizational decision making
Decision making

Decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice....
. This practice grew out of the human relations movement in the 1920s, and is based on some of the principles discovered by scholars doing research
Research

Research is defined as human activity based on intellectual application in the investigation of matter. The primary purpose for applied research is discovery , interpretation , and the development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific matters of our world and the universe....
 in management
Management

Management in business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leadership or directing, and Control an organization or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal....
 and organization studies, such as the Hawthorne Effect
Hawthorne effect

The Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity ,The term was coined in 1955 by Henry A. Landsberger when analyzing older experiments from 1924-1932 at the Hawthorne Works ....
.

While senior managers still retain final decision making authority
Authority

In government, authority is often used interchangeably with the term "power ". However, their meanings differ: while "power" refers to the ability to achieve certain ends, "authority" refers to a claim of legitimacy , the justification and right to exercise that power....
 when participatory management is practiced, employees are encouraged to voice their opinions about their working conditions in a safe environment, protected from the potential defensiveness of middle managers who they might criticize.

In the 1990s, participatory management was revived in a different form through advocacy of organizational learning
Organizational learning

Organizational learning is an area of knowledge within organizational theory that studies models and theories about the way an organization learns and adapts....
 practices, particularly by clients and students of Peter Senge
Peter Senge

Peter Michael Senge is an American scientist and director of the Center for Organizational Learning at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is known as author of the book The Fifth Discipline from 1990 ....
.

There is some criticism of participatory management (see Heckscher, below), particularly because it is difficult to combine this practice with a more financially oriented approach to restructuring
Restructuring

Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of partially dismantling or otherwise reorganizing a company for the purpose of making it more profitable....
 that may require downsizing.

External links

Barle, Phil. website: : Methods to Increase Staff Input in Organizational Decision Making.

Heckscher, Charles. 1995. "The Failure of Participatory Management", .

- Provider of effective Participatory Project Management Training Workshops in the Asia-Pacific Region