PROFINET IO
Encyclopedia
PROFINET is the open industrial Ethernet
standard of PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI) for automation. PROFINET uses TCP/IP and IT standards, and is, in effect, real-time Ethernet.
The PROFINET concept features a modular structure so that users can select the cascading functions themselves. They differ essentially because of the type of data exchange to fulfil the partly very high requirements of speed.
In conjunction with PROFINET, the two perspectives PROFINET CBA and PROFINET IO exist.
PROFINET CBA is suitable for the component-based communication via TCP/IP and the real-time communication for real-time requirements in modular systems engineering. Both communication options can be used in parallel.
PROFINET IO was developed for real time (RT) and isochronous
real time (IRT) communication with the decentral periphery. The designations RT and IRT merely describe the real-time properties for the communication within PROFINET IO.
PROFINET CBA and PROFINET IO can communicate at the same time on the same bus system. They can be operated separately or combined so that a PROFINET IO subsystem appears as a PROFINET CBA system from a system perspective.
The PROFINET protocol can be recorded and displayed using any Ethernet
analysis tool.
In the current versions, Wireshark/Ethereal
are able to decode PROFINET message frames.
A component is described using a PROFINET Component Description (PCD) file in XML. A planning tool loads these descriptions and enables the logical interconnections between the individual components to be generated for implementing a plant.
This model was largely inspired by the IEC 61499
standard.
The basic idea of CBA is that an entire automation system can in many cases be divided into autonomously operating subsystems, thereby arranging them very clearly. The design and the functions can actually end up in identical or slightly modified form in several systems. These PROFINET components are usually controlled by manageable number of input signals. Within the component, a control program written by the user executes the required function within the component and passes the corresponding output signals to another controller. The engineering that is associated with it is manufacturer-neutral. The communication of a component-based system is only configured, instead of being programmed. The communication with PROFINET CBA (without real time) is suitable for bus cycle times of approx. 50 ... 100 ms. The parallel running RT channel allows for data cycles similar to PROFINET IO (a few ms).
A PROFINET IO system consists of the following devices:
An Application Relation (AR) is established between an IO Controller and an IO Device. These ARs are used to define Communication Relations (CR) with different characteristics for the transfer of parameters, cyclic exchange of data and handling of alarms.
The characteristics of an IO Device are described by the device manufacturer in a General Station Description (GSD) file. The language used for this purpose is the GSDML (GSD Markup Language) - an XML based language. The GSD file provides the supervision software with a basis for planning the configuration of a PROFINET IO system.
There are PROFINET profiles for Encoders, for example. Other profiles have been specified for Motion Control (PROFIdrive) and Functional Safety (PROFIsafe). A special profile for Trains also exists.
An important profile is PROFIenergy
. This was requested in 2009 by the AIDA group of German automotive Manufacturers (Audi, BMW, Mercedes, Porsche and VW) who wished to have a standardised way of actively managing energy usage in their plants. High energy devices and sub-systems such as robots, lasers and even paint lines are the target for this profile, which will help reduce a plant's energy costs by intelligently switching the devices into 'sleep' modes to take account of production breaks, both foreseen (e.g. weekends and shut-downs) and unforeseen (e.g. breakdowns).
PROFIenergy is applicable across industry and includes monitoring services that can lead to the real time management of energy demand
The proximity recognition and device replacement: All PROFINET field devices determine their neighbours. This allows replacing field devices without additional tools and prior knowledge in case of a fault. By reading this information, the system topology can be graphically represented in a very clear way.
Parameter server: Individually set data can be loaded manufacturer-neutral (e.g. via TCI) and automatically archived in a parameter server. Reloading is also done automatically when replacing a device.
Determinism: PROFINET supports the deterministic data traffic, for example, for high-precision control tasks.
Redundancy: The redundancy concept defined in PROFINET significantly increases system availability.
The system operator profits from the simple expandability of the system and high degree of availability from autonomously running subsystems.
Ethernet
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks commercially introduced in 1980. Standardized in IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies....
standard of PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI) for automation. PROFINET uses TCP/IP and IT standards, and is, in effect, real-time Ethernet.
The PROFINET concept features a modular structure so that users can select the cascading functions themselves. They differ essentially because of the type of data exchange to fulfil the partly very high requirements of speed.
In conjunction with PROFINET, the two perspectives PROFINET CBA and PROFINET IO exist.
PROFINET CBA is suitable for the component-based communication via TCP/IP and the real-time communication for real-time requirements in modular systems engineering. Both communication options can be used in parallel.
PROFINET IO was developed for real time (RT) and isochronous
Isochronous
Isochronous : From Greek iso, equal + chronos, time. It literally means regularly, or at equal time intervals. In general English language, it refers to something that occurs at a regular interval, of the same duration; as opposed to synchronous which refers to more than one thing happening at the...
real time (IRT) communication with the decentral periphery. The designations RT and IRT merely describe the real-time properties for the communication within PROFINET IO.
PROFINET CBA and PROFINET IO can communicate at the same time on the same bus system. They can be operated separately or combined so that a PROFINET IO subsystem appears as a PROFINET CBA system from a system perspective.
Technology
To achieve these functions, three different protocol levels are defined:- TCP/IP for PROFINET CBA and the commissioning of a plant with reaction times in the range of 100ms
- RT (Real-Time) protocol for PROFINET CBA and PROFINET IO applications up to 10 ms cycle times
- IRT (Isochronous Real-Time) for PROFINET IO applications in drive systems with cycles times of less than 1ms
The PROFINET protocol can be recorded and displayed using any Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks commercially introduced in 1980. Standardized in IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies....
analysis tool.
In the current versions, Wireshark/Ethereal
Wireshark
Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communications protocol development, and education...
are able to decode PROFINET message frames.
PROFINET component model (PROFINET CBA)
A PROFINET CBA system consists of various automation components. One component covers all mechanical, electrical and IT variables. The component can be generated using the standard programming tools.A component is described using a PROFINET Component Description (PCD) file in XML. A planning tool loads these descriptions and enables the logical interconnections between the individual components to be generated for implementing a plant.
This model was largely inspired by the IEC 61499
IEC 61499
IEC 61499 is an open standard for distributed control and automation.A function block in the IEC 61499 standard is the basic building block from which entire applications may be built. There are two types of function blocks: basic function blocks and composite function blocks. A composite function...
standard.
The basic idea of CBA is that an entire automation system can in many cases be divided into autonomously operating subsystems, thereby arranging them very clearly. The design and the functions can actually end up in identical or slightly modified form in several systems. These PROFINET components are usually controlled by manageable number of input signals. Within the component, a control program written by the user executes the required function within the component and passes the corresponding output signals to another controller. The engineering that is associated with it is manufacturer-neutral. The communication of a component-based system is only configured, instead of being programmed. The communication with PROFINET CBA (without real time) is suitable for bus cycle times of approx. 50 ... 100 ms. The parallel running RT channel allows for data cycles similar to PROFINET IO (a few ms).
PROFINET and the peripherals (PROFINET IO)
Interfacing the peripherals is implemented by PROFINET IO. It defines the communication with field connected peripheral devices. Its basis is a cascading real-time concept. PROFINET IO defines the entire data exchange between controllers (devices with "master functionality") and the devices (devices with "slave functionality"), as well as parameter setting and diagnosis. PROFINET IO is designed for the fast data exchange between Ethernet-based field devices and follows the provider-consumer model. Field devices in a subordinate PROFIBUS line can be integrated in the PROFINET IO system without any effort and seamlessly via an IO-Proxy (representative of a subordinate bus system). A device developer can implement PROFINET IO with any commercially available Ethernet controller. It is well-suited for the data exchange with bus cycle times of a few ms. The configuration of an IO-System has been kept nearly identical to the "look and feel" of PROFIBUS. PROFINET IO always contains the real-time concept.A PROFINET IO system consists of the following devices:
- The IO Controller, which controls the automation task.
- The IO Device, which is a field device, monitored and controlled by an IO Controller. An IO Device may consist of several modules and sub-modules.
- The IO Supervisor is software typically based on a PC for setting parameters and diagnosing individual IO Devices.
An Application Relation (AR) is established between an IO Controller and an IO Device. These ARs are used to define Communication Relations (CR) with different characteristics for the transfer of parameters, cyclic exchange of data and handling of alarms.
The characteristics of an IO Device are described by the device manufacturer in a General Station Description (GSD) file. The language used for this purpose is the GSDML (GSD Markup Language) - an XML based language. The GSD file provides the supervision software with a basis for planning the configuration of a PROFINET IO system.
PROFINET and real time
Within PROFINET IO, process data and alarms are always transmitted in real time (RT). Real time in PROFINET is based on the definition of IEEE and IEC, which allow for only a limited time for execution of real-time services within a bus cycle. The RT communication represents the basis for the data exchange for PROFINET IO. Real-time data are treated with a higher priority than TCP(UDP)/IP data. RT provides the basis for the real-time communication in the area of distributed periphery and for the PROFINET component model (PROFINET CBA). This type of data exchange allows bus cycle times in the range of a few hundred microseconds.PROFINET and isochronous communication
The isochronous data exchange with PROFINET is defined in the isochronous real-time (IRT) concept. PROFINET IO field devices with IRT functionality have switch ports integrated in the field device. They can be based e.g. on the Ethernet controllers ERTEC 400/200. The data exchange cycles are usually in the range of a few hundred microseconds up to a few milliseconds. The difference to real-time communication is essentially the high degree of determinism, so that the start of a bus cycle is maintained with high precision. The start of a bus cycle can deviate up to 1 µs (jitter). IRT is required, for example, for motion control applications (positioning control processes).Profiles
Profiles are pre-defined configurations of the functions and features available from PROFINET for use in specific devices or applications. They are specified by PI working groups and published by PI. Profiles are important for openness, interoperability and interchangeability, so that the end user can be sure that similar equipments from different vendors perform in a standardised way. User choice encourages competition that drives vendors towards enhanced performance and lower costs.There are PROFINET profiles for Encoders, for example. Other profiles have been specified for Motion Control (PROFIdrive) and Functional Safety (PROFIsafe). A special profile for Trains also exists.
An important profile is PROFIenergy
PROFIenergy
PROFIenergy is a profile of the PROFINET communications protocol that allows the power consumption of automation equipment in manufacturing to be managed over a PROFINET network. It offers an open and standardized means of controlling energy usage during planned and unplanned breaks in production...
. This was requested in 2009 by the AIDA group of German automotive Manufacturers (Audi, BMW, Mercedes, Porsche and VW) who wished to have a standardised way of actively managing energy usage in their plants. High energy devices and sub-systems such as robots, lasers and even paint lines are the target for this profile, which will help reduce a plant's energy costs by intelligently switching the devices into 'sleep' modes to take account of production breaks, both foreseen (e.g. weekends and shut-downs) and unforeseen (e.g. breakdowns).
PROFIenergy is applicable across industry and includes monitoring services that can lead to the real time management of energy demand
Additional highlights of the PROFINET concept
Engineering: By supporting the Tool Calling Interface, every manufacturer of field devices can latch onto any TCI-capable software and parameterize and diagnose field devices without having to leave the program.The proximity recognition and device replacement: All PROFINET field devices determine their neighbours. This allows replacing field devices without additional tools and prior knowledge in case of a fault. By reading this information, the system topology can be graphically represented in a very clear way.
Parameter server: Individually set data can be loaded manufacturer-neutral (e.g. via TCI) and automatically archived in a parameter server. Reloading is also done automatically when replacing a device.
Determinism: PROFINET supports the deterministic data traffic, for example, for high-precision control tasks.
Redundancy: The redundancy concept defined in PROFINET significantly increases system availability.
Benefits of PROFINET
Due to the continuous further development of PROFINET, users are provided with a long-term perspective for the implementation of their automation tasks.The system operator profits from the simple expandability of the system and high degree of availability from autonomously running subsystems.
Organization
PROFINET is defined by PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI) and backed by the INTERBUS Club and, since 2003, is part of the IEC 61158 and IEC 61784 standards.See also
- Computer networkingComputer networkA computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information....
- Computer scienceComputer scienceComputer science or computing science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems...
- ComputingComputingComputing is usually defined as the activity of using and improving computer hardware and software. It is the computer-specific part of information technology...
Books
- Raimond Pigan, Mark Metter: Automating with PROFINET, 2nd rev. and enl. edition. 2008, ISBN 978-3-89578-294-7