Ok languages
Encyclopedia
The Ok languages are a family of a score of clearly related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in a contiguous area of eastern Irian Jaya and western Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands...

. They are:
  • the Tangko language
  • Western branch: Burumakok, Kwer, Kopkaka
  • Ngalum branch: Ngalum, Komyandaret
    Komyandaret language
    Komyandaret is a poorly documented Papuan language that has recently been shown to be one of the Ok languages. It is close enough to Tsaukambo that there is some mutual intelligibility.-References:*Hughes, Jock. 2009. "Upper Digul Survey"...

    –Tsaukambo
  • Lowland branch: Iwur, North Muyu (Northern Kati), South Muyu (Southern Kati), Ninggerum, Yonggom
  • Mountain branch: Bimin, Faiwol, Mian
    Mian language
    Mian is an Ok language spoken in the Telefomin district of the Sandaun province in Papua New Guinea by the Mian people. It has some 3,500 speakers spread across two dialects: West Mian with approximately 1,000 speakers in around Yapsiei and East Mian with approximately 2,500 speakers in and around...

    , Nakai, Setaman, Suganga, Tifal
    Tifal language
    -Geography:The Tifal language is bounded by Papuan and Irian Jaya speakers to the south and west, the Telefomin valley in the east, and the Sepik river to the north.-Orthography:-Consonants: and rarely contrast.-Phonotactics:...

    , Telefol
    Telefol language
    Telefol is a language spoken by the Telefol people in Papua New Guinea, notable for possessing a base-27 numeral system.-History:The Iligimin people also spoke Telefol, but they were defeated by the Telefol proper.-Orthography:...

    , Urapmin
    Urapmin language
    Urapmin is a language spoken by the Urapmin people in Papua New Guinea.Urapmin is situated geographically between Tifal and Telefol, and is also linguistically between them....


Loughnane and Fedden (2011) demonstrate that Oksapmin
Oksapmin language
Oksapmin is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Telefomin District, Sandaun, Papua New Guinea. It has been influenced by the Ok languages , and the similarities with those languages were attributed to borrowing in the classifications of both Stephen Wurm and Malcolm Ross , where Oksapmin was...

 is related.

Alan Healey identified Ok in 1962. He later noted connections with the Asmat languages and Awyu–Dumut families (Healey 1970). Voorhoeve developed this into a Central and South New Guinea
Central and South New Guinea languages
The Central and South New Guinea languages are a proposed family of the Trans–New Guinea languages . They were part of Voorhoeve & McElhanon's original TNG proposal, but have been reduced in scope by half in the classification of Malcolm Ross...

 (CSNG) proposal. As part of CSNG, the Ok languages form part of the original proposal for Trans–New Guinea, a position tentatively maintained by Malcolm Ross
Malcolm Ross
Malcolm David Ross is a linguist and professor at the Australian National University. He has published work on Austronesian and Papuan languages, historical linguistics, and language contact.-External links:**...

, though reduced nearly to Healey's original conception. Ross states that he cannot tell if the similarities in CSNG are shared innovations or retentions from proto-TNG. Voorhoeve argues specifically for an Awyu–Ok relationship, and Foley believes that these two families may be closest to Asmat among the TNG languages.

The Ok languages have dyadic kinship term
Dyadic kinship term
Dyadic kinship terms are kinship terms in a few languages that express the relationship between individuals as they relate one to the other...

s. The most numerous language is Ngalum, with some 20,000 speakers; the best known is probably Telefol.
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