Ming–Turpan Conflict
Encyclopedia
The Ming–Turpan Border Wars were a series of conflicts between the Ming dynasty
and kingdom of Turpan over disputes over borders, trade, and internal succession to the throne of Turpan.
.
In 1406 the Ming dynasty defeated the ruler of Turpan.
In 1443, 1445, and 1448 the Mongol Oirats
under Esen taishi occuped Qara Del
Hami. Turpan under Ali (known as Yunus Khan
) then seized Hami from the Mongol Esen in 1473, until Ali was repulsed by the Ming Dynasty into Turfan, but he reoccupied it after Ming left. Esen taishi's mongols recaptured Hami twice in 1482 and 1483, but the son of Ali, Ahmed (Ahmad Alaq
), reconqured it in 1493 and captured the Hami leader and the resident of China in Hami (The Chagatayid Hami was a vassal state to Ming). In response, the Ming Dynasty imposed an economic blockade on Turfan and kicked out all the Uyghurs from Gansu. It became so harsh for Turfan that Ahmed left. Ahmed's son Mansur
then took over Hami in 1517
In 1491, the Ming dynasty installed a Yuan dynasty heir to the position of Prince of Hami. They then appointed overseers of each ethnic group residing in Hami, the position was called tu-tu (In Wade Giles). One of them, Sayyid Husain who was the muslim overseer in July 1494 fled to China when Turfan invaded Hami, but he plotted with Turfan to be appointed as prince under the rule of Turfan. He was arrested in 1516 and sent to Beijing, but used bribery to enter the Zhengde Emperor's inner circle, eventually becoming his homosexual lover.
Around 1502 the Turpan "Tartar" ruler Hahema invaded Hami, and removed Prince Champa, the Mongol Prince of Hami who had been installed by the Ming chinese on the Hami throne. The Chinese army then marched on Hami, Hahema retreated, released Prince Champa, acknowledged his inferior position to the Chinese Emperor, and agreed for Champa to take the throne of Hami.
In the 1500s the Ming Dynasty defeated multiple raids by the Turpan Kingdom under Mansur and the Oirat Mongols, over disputes on tribute. In 1517, 1524, and 1528 battles brok out. The Ming had rejected many tribute missions from Turpan. Mansur tried to attack China in 1524 with 20,000 men, but was beaten by Chinese forces. The Ming forces repulsed the Turpan forces and Mongols from their raid on Suzhou District
. The Chinese refused to lift the economic blockade and restrictions that had led to the battles, and continued restricting Turpan's tribute and trade with China. Turfan also annexed Hami.
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
and kingdom of Turpan over disputes over borders, trade, and internal succession to the throne of Turpan.
Conflict
The Ming dynasty annexed Hami in 1404 and turned it into Hami PrefectureHami Prefecture
Kumul Prefecture, also known as Hami Prefecture is located in eastern Xinjiang, China. It has an area of 140,749 km² and 492,096 inhabitants .- History :...
.
In 1406 the Ming dynasty defeated the ruler of Turpan.
In 1443, 1445, and 1448 the Mongol Oirats
Oirats
Oirats are the westernmost group of the Mongols who unified several tribes origin whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of western Mongolia. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal...
under Esen taishi occuped Qara Del
Qara Del
Qara Del was a Mongol Kingdom that existed in Hami in present-day Xinjiang. It was founded by the Yuan price Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in the late 14th century , and ruled by the Chagatayids thereafter until 1463. It was destroyed as results of the wars between Ming China and Oirat...
Hami. Turpan under Ali (known as Yunus Khan
Yunus Khan
Yunus Khan , was Khan of Moghulistan from 1462 until his death. He is identified by many historians with Ḥājjī `Ali , of the contemporary Chinese records.- Background and Family :...
) then seized Hami from the Mongol Esen in 1473, until Ali was repulsed by the Ming Dynasty into Turfan, but he reoccupied it after Ming left. Esen taishi's mongols recaptured Hami twice in 1482 and 1483, but the son of Ali, Ahmed (Ahmad Alaq
Ahmad Alaq
Ahmad Alaq , was Khan of eastern Moghulistan from 1487 to 1503. He was the second son of Yunus Khan. His mother was Shah Begum, fourth daughter of Badakhshan prince Lali, who was considered to be the descendant of Alexander the Great....
), reconqured it in 1493 and captured the Hami leader and the resident of China in Hami (The Chagatayid Hami was a vassal state to Ming). In response, the Ming Dynasty imposed an economic blockade on Turfan and kicked out all the Uyghurs from Gansu. It became so harsh for Turfan that Ahmed left. Ahmed's son Mansur
Mansur Khan (Moghul Khan)
Mansur Khan , was the khan of Eastern Moghulistan from 1503 until his death. He was the eldest son of Ahmad Alach.-Life:...
then took over Hami in 1517
In 1491, the Ming dynasty installed a Yuan dynasty heir to the position of Prince of Hami. They then appointed overseers of each ethnic group residing in Hami, the position was called tu-tu (In Wade Giles). One of them, Sayyid Husain who was the muslim overseer in July 1494 fled to China when Turfan invaded Hami, but he plotted with Turfan to be appointed as prince under the rule of Turfan. He was arrested in 1516 and sent to Beijing, but used bribery to enter the Zhengde Emperor's inner circle, eventually becoming his homosexual lover.
Around 1502 the Turpan "Tartar" ruler Hahema invaded Hami, and removed Prince Champa, the Mongol Prince of Hami who had been installed by the Ming chinese on the Hami throne. The Chinese army then marched on Hami, Hahema retreated, released Prince Champa, acknowledged his inferior position to the Chinese Emperor, and agreed for Champa to take the throne of Hami.
In the 1500s the Ming Dynasty defeated multiple raids by the Turpan Kingdom under Mansur and the Oirat Mongols, over disputes on tribute. In 1517, 1524, and 1528 battles brok out. The Ming had rejected many tribute missions from Turpan. Mansur tried to attack China in 1524 with 20,000 men, but was beaten by Chinese forces. The Ming forces repulsed the Turpan forces and Mongols from their raid on Suzhou District
Suzhou District
The Suzhou District is an administrative district in Gansu, the People's Republic of China. It is one of 17 districts of Gansu.Suzhou District is part of the Jiuquan prefecture, and the seat of the prefecture government. Therefore, less-detailed modern maps typically mark Suzhou's location...
. The Chinese refused to lift the economic blockade and restrictions that had led to the battles, and continued restricting Turpan's tribute and trade with China. Turfan also annexed Hami.