Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Encyclopedia
Carl Meissner
Carl Meissner
Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner was a Swiss botanist.Born in Bern, Switzerland on 1 November 1800, he was christened Meisner but later changed the spelling of his name to Meissner. For most of his 40 year career he was Professor of Botany at University of Basel...

's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra, now Banksia ser. Dryandra, was published in 1856 as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae
Proteaceae
Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises about 80 genera with about 1600 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea,...

 in A. P. de Candolle
A. P. de Candolle
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle also spelled Augustin Pyrame de Candolle was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at an herbarium...

's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Prodr. , is a 17-volume treatise on botany initiated by A. P. de Candolle. De Candolle intended it as a summary of all known seed plants, encompassing taxonomy, ecology, evolution and biogeography....

. It replaced the 1830 arrangement
Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830...

 of Robert Brown
Robert Brown (botanist)
Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope...

, and remained current until superseded by the 1870 arrangement
Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
George Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis. A substantial improvement on the previous arrangement, it would stand for over a century. It was eventually replaced by Alex George's 1981 arrangement, published in his classic...

 of George Bentham
George Bentham
George Bentham CMG FRS was an English botanist, characterized by Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".- Formative years :...

.

Background

The dryandras are a group of proteaceous
Proteaceae
Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises about 80 genera with about 1600 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea,...

 shrubs endemic to southwest Western Australia
Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Indian Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east...

. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown
Robert Brown (botanist)
Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope...

. In 2007 it was transferred into the genus Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...

 as B. ser. Dryandra. There are now just under 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.

The first infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra was Brown's 1810 arrangement
Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830...

, which listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification. Twenty years later, Brown published a revised arrangement
Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830...

 which divided 23 recognised species in three subgenera, and also transferred one of his 1810 Dryandra species into a separate genus named Hemiclidia. This remained current until 1856, when Meissner's arrangement was published.

Meissner's arrangement

Meissner's arrangement retained Brown's Dryandra and Hemiclidia, divided Dryandra into three sections, and divided the largest section, Eudryandra, into eight unranked groups signified by the symbol "§". 53 species and six varieties were recognised.

Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra may be summarised as follows:
Genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
Section Eudryandra
§ Ilicinæ
D. praemorsa (now B. undata
Banksia undata
Banksia undata, commonly known as Urchin Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra praemorsa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. praemorsa var. elongata (now B. undata var. undata
Banksia undata var. undata
Banksia undata var. undata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra praemorsa var. praemorsa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. quercifolia (now B. heliantha
Banksia heliantha
Banksia heliantha, commonly known as Oak-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra quercifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. cuneata (now B. obovata
Banksia obovata
Banksia obovata, commonly known as Wedge-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra cuneata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. floribunda (now B. sessilis var. sessilis
Banksia sessilis var. sessilis
Banksia sessilis var. sessilis is the most populous and most widespread variety of Banksia sessilis .-Description:The leaves of this variety are larger than those of B. sessilis var. cygnorum but smaller than those of B. sessilis var. cordata. It differs from B. sessilis var...

)
D. floribunda var. cordata (now B. sessilis var. cordata
Banksia sessilis var. cordata
Banksia sessilis var. cordata is a variety of Banksia sessilis , with unusually large leaves and flower heads. It is a rare variety that is restricted to the extreme south-west corner of Western Australia.-Description:...

)
§ Runcinatæ
D. armata (now B. armata
Banksia armata
Banksia armata, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Description:B. armata grows as a spreading or upright shrub, up to three metres in height. It has deeply serrated leaves. Its inflorescences are usually bright yellow, but may be pink.-Distribution and...

)
D. carduacea (now B. squarrosa subsp. squarrosa
Banksia squarrosa subsp. squarrosa
Banksia squarrosa subsp. squarrosa is a subspecies of Banksia squarrosa. As an autonym, it is defined as encompassing the type material of the species. It was known as Dryandra squarrosa subsp. squarrosa until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. As with other...

)
D. runcinata (now B. r. subsp. rufa
Banksia rufa subsp. rufa
Banksia rufa subsp. rufa is a subspecies of Banksia rufa. It was known as Dryandra ferruginea subsp. ferruginea until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since the name Banksia ferruginea had already been used, Mast and Thiele had to choose a new specific epithet...

)
D. nobilis (now B. nobilis
Banksia nobilis
Banksia nobilis, commonly known as Golden Dryandra, Great Dryandra or Kerosene Bush, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It occurs on lateritic rises from Eneabba to Katanning in the state's Southwest Botanic Province. With large pinnatifid leaves with triangular lober, and a golden or reddish...

)
D. plumosa (now B. plumosa
Banksia plumosa
Banksia plumosa is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra plumosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
§ Serratæ
D. stupposa (now B. stuposa
Banksia stuposa
Banksia stuposa is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra stuposa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-Description:...

)
D. serra (now B. serra
Banksia serra
Banksia serra, commonly known as Serrate-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra polycephala until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on this...

)
D. mucronulata (now B. mucronulata
Banksia mucronulata
Banksia mucronulata, commonly known as Swordfish Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra mucronulata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...

)
D. foliolata (now B. foliolata
Banksia foliolata
Banksia foliolata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra foliolata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...

)
D. mutica (now B. foliolata)
D. obtusa (now B. obtusa
Banksia obtusa
Banksia obtusa, commonly known as Shining Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra obtusa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
D. Baxteri (now B. biterax
Banksia biterax
Banksia biterax is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra baxteri until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. formosa (now B. formosa
Banksia formosa
Banksia formosa, commonly known as Showy Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra formosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
D. nivea (now B. nivea
Banksia nivea
Banksia nivea, commonly known as Honeypot Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. First described as Banksia nivea, it was transferred to Dryandra as Dryandra nivea by Robert Brown in 1810, and remained in that genus until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by...

)
D. nivea var. venosa (now B. nivea)
D. nivea var. subevenia (now B. dallanneyi var. dallanneyi
Banksia dallanneyi var. dallanneyi
Banksia dallanneyi var. dallanneyi is a variety of Banksia dallanneyi subsp. dallanneyi. It was known as Dryandra lindleyana var. lindleyana until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since the name Banksia lindleyana had already been used, Mast and Thiele had to...

)
D. brownii (now B. brunnea
Banksia brunnea
Banksia brunnea is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra brownii until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. lindleyana (now B. dallanneyi
Banksia dallanneyi
Banksia dallanneyi, commonly known as Couch Honeypot, is a prostrate shrub endemic to Western Australia. It grows to a height and width of up to 0.5 m, although it is very common for many plants to be growing side by side; thus the clump may be several metres across.It was known as Dryandra...

)
§ Marginatæ
D. stenoprion (now B. stenoprion
Banksia stenoprion
Banksia stenoprion is a shrub endemic to Western Australia....

)
D. elegans (now B. tenuis var. tenuis
Banksia tenuis var. tenuis
Banksia tenuis var. tenuis is a variety of Banksia tenuis. It was known as Dryandra tenuifolia var. tenuifolia until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since the name Banksia tenuifolia had already been used, Mast and Thiele had to choose a new specific epithet...

)
D. pulchella (now B. bella
Banksia bella
Banksia bella, commonly known as the Silver Wongan Dryandra or Wongan Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. Unusual amongst dryandras, its foliage is glaucous-grey in colour....

)
D. Kippistiana (now B. kippistiana
Banksia kippistiana
Banksia kippistiana is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra kippistiana until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
D. Shuttleworthiana (now B. shuttleworthiana
Banksia shuttleworthiana
Banksia shuttleworthiana, commonly known as Bearded Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia, and is found between the towns of Geraldton and Gingin. It was known as Dryandra shuttleworthiana until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin...

)
D. sclerophylla (now B. sclerophylla
Banksia sclerophylla
Banksia sclerophylla is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra sclerophylla until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...

)
D. squarrosa (now B. squarrosa
Banksia squarrosa
Banksia squarrosa, commonly known as Pingle, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Taxonomy:Specimens of B. squarrosa were first collected from near King George Sound in 1829 by William Baxter, and published by Robert Brown as Dryandra squarrosa the following year...

)
§ Pectinatæ
D. serratuloides (now B. serratuloides
Banksia serratuloides
Banksia serratuloides is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra serratuloides until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...

)
D. nana (now B. nana
Banksia nana
Banksia nana, commonly known as Dwarf Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra nana until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidis
Banksia arctotidis
Banksia arctotidis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra arctotidis until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
D. tortifolia (now B. tortifolia
Banksia tortifolia
Banksia tortifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was first published as Dryandra tortifolia in 1855. In 1870, George Bentham demoted it to a variety of Dryandra arctotidis , but this was overturned by Alex George in 1999...

)
D. Fraseri (now B. fraseri
Banksia fraseri
Banksia fraseri is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra fraseri until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-Description:...

)
D. cirsioides (now B. cirsioides
Banksia cirsioides
Banksia cirsioides is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra cirsioides until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-Description:...

)
§ Decurrentes
D. seneciifolia (now B. seneciifolia
Banksia seneciifolia
Banksia seneciifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra polycephala until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...

)
D. horrida (now B. horrida
Banksia horrida
Banksia horrida, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra horrida until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
D. concinna (now B. concinna
Banksia concinna
Banksia concinna is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra concinna until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...

)
D. vestita (now B. vestita
Banksia vestita
Banksia vestita, commonly known as Summer Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra vestita until 2007.-Description:...

)
D. Hewardiana (now B. hewardiana
Banksia hewardiana
Banksia hewardiana is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was first published as Dryandra hewardiana by Carl Meissner in 1856. In 1870, George Bentham published what he held to be a closely related species under the name Dryandra patens, but in 1999 Alex George declared this a synonym of...

)
D. longifolia (now B. prolata
Banksia prolata
Banksia prolata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra longifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. comosa (now B. comosa
Banksia comosa
Banksia comosa, commonly known as Wongan Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra comosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
D. proteoides (now B. proteoides
Banksia proteoides
Banksia proteoides, commonly known as King Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra proteoides until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
D. tenuifolia (now B. tenuis
Banksia tenuis
Banksia tenuis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra tenuifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. ferruginea (now B. rufa
Banksia rufa
Banksia rufa is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was first published by Carl Meisner in 1855, where it was given the name Dryandra ferruginea by Richard Kippist. The following year, Meisner published what was purportedly a distinct species, Dryandra runcinata...

)
D. cryptocephala (now B. seneciifolia
Banksia seneciifolia
Banksia seneciifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra polycephala until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...

)
§ Acrodontæ
D. carlinoides (now B. carlinoides
Banksia carlinoides
Banksia carlinoides, commonly known as Pink Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra carlinoides until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)
D. tridentata (now B. tridentata
Banksia tridentata
Banksia tridentata, commonly known as Yellow Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was published as Dryandra tridentata in 1856, and remained in that genus for 150 years, although in 1893 Benjamin Daydon Jackson accidentally listed it in Index Kewensis under Banksia, thus...

)
§ Haplophyllæ
D. speciosa (now B. splendida
Banksia splendida
Banksia splendida, commonly known as Shaggy Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra speciosa until 2007-Taxonomy:...

)
Section Diplophragma
D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifida
Banksia bipinnatifida
Banksia bipinnatifida is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Description:It grows as a prostrate shrub with an underground stem and a lignotuber. It has few leaves; these are deeply lobes, and the lobes are themselves deeply lobed, giving the impression of a bipinnate leaf structure...

)
D. Preissii (now B. acuminata
Banksia acuminata
Banksia acuminata is a rare prostrate shrub endemic to south-west Western Australia. It was published in 1848 as Dryandra preissii, but transferred into Banksia as B. acuminata in 2007.-Description:...

)
Section Aphragma
D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia
Banksia pteridifolia
Banksia pteridifolia, commonly known as Tangled Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra pteridifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...

)
D. pteridifolia var. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifolia
Banksia pellaeifolia
Banksia pellaeifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra blechnifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. calophylla (now B. calophylla
Banksia calophylla
Banksia calophylla is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra calophylla until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by research botanists Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...

)
D. calophylla var. acaulis (now B. drummondii subsp. drummondii)
D. nervosa (now Banksia alliacea
Banksia alliacea
Banksia alliacea is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra nervosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...

)
D. drummondii (now Banksia drummondii
Banksia drummondii
Banksia drummondii, commonly known as Drummond's Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. Depending on the subspecies, flowering occurs either mid-year, or at year's end.-Description:...

)
Genus Hemiclidia
H. Baxteri (now Banksia falcata
Banksia falcata
Banksia falcata, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra falcata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....

)

Legacy

Meissner's arrangement remained current until 1870, when it was superseded by George Bentham's arrangement
Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
George Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis...

 as published in Volume V of Flora Australiensis
Flora Australiensis
Flora Australiensis: a description of the plants of the Australian Territory, more commonly referred to as Flora Australiensis, and also known by its standard abbreviation Fl. Austral., is a seven-volume flora of Australia published between 1863 and 1878 by George Bentham, with the assistance of...

. Bentham abandoned all of Meissner's infrageneric taxa except Brown's D. sect. Aphragma. In 1996, however, Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...

 published a revised arrangement
George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Alex George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first modern-day arrangement of that taxon. First published in Nuytsia in 1996, it superseded the arrangement of George Bentham, which had stood for over a hundred years; it would later form the basis for George's 1999 treatment of Dryandra...

, resurrecting Brown's Diplophragma at subgenus rank, and also Meissner's series Marginatae, Acrodontae, Ilicinae
Dryandra ser. Ilicinae
Dryandra ser. Ilicinae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by Carl Meissner in 1856, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870...

, Decurrentes, Runcinatae and Pectinatae.

In 2007, Austin Mast
Austin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...

 and Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...

 transferred Dryandra into Banksia, on the grounds that Banksia was paraphyletic
Paraphyly
A group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups of descendants...

with respect to Dryandra. Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of Banksia, so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Meissner's infrageneric taxa are in current use.
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