Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
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Carl Meissner
's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra, now Banksia ser. Dryandra, was published in 1856 as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae
in A. P. de Candolle
's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis
. It replaced the 1830 arrangement
of Robert Brown
, and remained current until superseded by the 1870 arrangement
of George Bentham
.
shrubs endemic to southwest Western Australia
. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown
. In 2007 it was transferred into the genus Banksia
as B. ser. Dryandra. There are now just under 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.
The first infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra was Brown's 1810 arrangement
, which listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification. Twenty years later, Brown published a revised arrangement
which divided 23 recognised species in three subgenera, and also transferred one of his 1810 Dryandra species into a separate genus named Hemiclidia. This remained current until 1856, when Meissner's arrangement was published.
Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra may be summarised as follows:
as published in Volume V of Flora Australiensis
. Bentham abandoned all of Meissner's infrageneric taxa except Brown's D. sect. Aphragma. In 1996, however, Alex George
published a revised arrangement
, resurrecting Brown's Diplophragma at subgenus rank, and also Meissner's series Marginatae, Acrodontae, Ilicinae
, Decurrentes, Runcinatae and Pectinatae.
In 2007, Austin Mast
and Kevin Thiele
transferred Dryandra into Banksia, on the grounds that Banksia was paraphyletic
with respect to Dryandra. Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of Banksia, so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Meissner's infrageneric taxa are in current use.
Carl Meissner
Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner was a Swiss botanist.Born in Bern, Switzerland on 1 November 1800, he was christened Meisner but later changed the spelling of his name to Meissner. For most of his 40 year career he was Professor of Botany at University of Basel...
's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra, now Banksia ser. Dryandra, was published in 1856 as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae
Proteaceae
Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises about 80 genera with about 1600 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea,...
in A. P. de Candolle
A. P. de Candolle
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle also spelled Augustin Pyrame de Candolle was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at an herbarium...
's Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Prodr. , is a 17-volume treatise on botany initiated by A. P. de Candolle. De Candolle intended it as a summary of all known seed plants, encompassing taxonomy, ecology, evolution and biogeography....
. It replaced the 1830 arrangement
Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830...
of Robert Brown
Robert Brown (botanist)
Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope...
, and remained current until superseded by the 1870 arrangement
Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
George Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis. A substantial improvement on the previous arrangement, it would stand for over a century. It was eventually replaced by Alex George's 1981 arrangement, published in his classic...
of George Bentham
George Bentham
George Bentham CMG FRS was an English botanist, characterized by Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century".- Formative years :...
.
Background
The dryandras are a group of proteaceousProteaceae
Proteaceae is a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises about 80 genera with about 1600 species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae they make up the order Proteales. Well known genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea,...
shrubs endemic to southwest Western Australia
Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Indian Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east...
. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown
Robert Brown (botanist)
Robert Brown was a Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope...
. In 2007 it was transferred into the genus Banksia
Banksia
Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and heads. When it comes to size, banksias range from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up...
as B. ser. Dryandra. There are now just under 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.
The first infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra was Brown's 1810 arrangement
Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830...
, which listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification. Twenty years later, Brown published a revised arrangement
Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830...
which divided 23 recognised species in three subgenera, and also transferred one of his 1810 Dryandra species into a separate genus named Hemiclidia. This remained current until 1856, when Meissner's arrangement was published.
Meissner's arrangement
Meissner's arrangement retained Brown's Dryandra and Hemiclidia, divided Dryandra into three sections, and divided the largest section, Eudryandra, into eight unranked groups signified by the symbol "§". 53 species and six varieties were recognised.Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra may be summarised as follows:
- Genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- Section Eudryandra
- § Ilicinæ
- D. praemorsa (now B. undataBanksia undataBanksia undata, commonly known as Urchin Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra praemorsa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
)- D. praemorsa var. elongata (now B. undata var. undataBanksia undata var. undataBanksia undata var. undata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra praemorsa var. praemorsa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
)
- D. praemorsa var. elongata (now B. undata var. undata
- D. quercifolia (now B. helianthaBanksia helianthaBanksia heliantha, commonly known as Oak-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra quercifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. cuneata (now B. obovataBanksia obovataBanksia obovata, commonly known as Wedge-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra cuneata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. floribunda (now B. sessilis var. sessilisBanksia sessilis var. sessilisBanksia sessilis var. sessilis is the most populous and most widespread variety of Banksia sessilis .-Description:The leaves of this variety are larger than those of B. sessilis var. cygnorum but smaller than those of B. sessilis var. cordata. It differs from B. sessilis var...
)- D. floribunda var. cordata (now B. sessilis var. cordataBanksia sessilis var. cordataBanksia sessilis var. cordata is a variety of Banksia sessilis , with unusually large leaves and flower heads. It is a rare variety that is restricted to the extreme south-west corner of Western Australia.-Description:...
)
- D. floribunda var. cordata (now B. sessilis var. cordata
- D. praemorsa (now B. undata
- § Runcinatæ
- D. armata (now B. armataBanksia armataBanksia armata, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Description:B. armata grows as a spreading or upright shrub, up to three metres in height. It has deeply serrated leaves. Its inflorescences are usually bright yellow, but may be pink.-Distribution and...
) - D. carduacea (now B. squarrosa subsp. squarrosaBanksia squarrosa subsp. squarrosaBanksia squarrosa subsp. squarrosa is a subspecies of Banksia squarrosa. As an autonym, it is defined as encompassing the type material of the species. It was known as Dryandra squarrosa subsp. squarrosa until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. As with other...
) - D. runcinata (now B. r. subsp. rufaBanksia rufa subsp. rufaBanksia rufa subsp. rufa is a subspecies of Banksia rufa. It was known as Dryandra ferruginea subsp. ferruginea until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since the name Banksia ferruginea had already been used, Mast and Thiele had to choose a new specific epithet...
) - D. nobilis (now B. nobilisBanksia nobilisBanksia nobilis, commonly known as Golden Dryandra, Great Dryandra or Kerosene Bush, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It occurs on lateritic rises from Eneabba to Katanning in the state's Southwest Botanic Province. With large pinnatifid leaves with triangular lober, and a golden or reddish...
) - D. plumosa (now B. plumosaBanksia plumosaBanksia plumosa is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra plumosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
)
- D. armata (now B. armata
- § Serratæ
- D. stupposa (now B. stuposaBanksia stuposaBanksia stuposa is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra stuposa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-Description:...
) - D. serra (now B. serraBanksia serraBanksia serra, commonly known as Serrate-leaved Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra polycephala until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on this...
) - D. mucronulata (now B. mucronulataBanksia mucronulataBanksia mucronulata, commonly known as Swordfish Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra mucronulata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. foliolata (now B. foliolataBanksia foliolataBanksia foliolata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra foliolata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. mutica (now B. foliolata)
- D. obtusa (now B. obtusaBanksia obtusaBanksia obtusa, commonly known as Shining Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra obtusa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. Baxteri (now B. biteraxBanksia biteraxBanksia biterax is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra baxteri until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. formosa (now B. formosaBanksia formosaBanksia formosa, commonly known as Showy Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra formosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. nivea (now B. niveaBanksia niveaBanksia nivea, commonly known as Honeypot Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. First described as Banksia nivea, it was transferred to Dryandra as Dryandra nivea by Robert Brown in 1810, and remained in that genus until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by...
)- D. nivea var. venosa (now B. nivea)
- D. nivea var. subevenia (now B. dallanneyi var. dallanneyiBanksia dallanneyi var. dallanneyiBanksia dallanneyi var. dallanneyi is a variety of Banksia dallanneyi subsp. dallanneyi. It was known as Dryandra lindleyana var. lindleyana until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since the name Banksia lindleyana had already been used, Mast and Thiele had to...
)
- D. brownii (now B. brunneaBanksia brunneaBanksia brunnea is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra brownii until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. lindleyana (now B. dallanneyiBanksia dallanneyiBanksia dallanneyi, commonly known as Couch Honeypot, is a prostrate shrub endemic to Western Australia. It grows to a height and width of up to 0.5 m, although it is very common for many plants to be growing side by side; thus the clump may be several metres across.It was known as Dryandra...
)
- D. stupposa (now B. stuposa
- § Marginatæ
- D. stenoprion (now B. stenoprionBanksia stenoprionBanksia stenoprion is a shrub endemic to Western Australia....
) - D. elegans (now B. tenuis var. tenuisBanksia tenuis var. tenuisBanksia tenuis var. tenuis is a variety of Banksia tenuis. It was known as Dryandra tenuifolia var. tenuifolia until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since the name Banksia tenuifolia had already been used, Mast and Thiele had to choose a new specific epithet...
) - D. pulchella (now B. bellaBanksia bellaBanksia bella, commonly known as the Silver Wongan Dryandra or Wongan Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. Unusual amongst dryandras, its foliage is glaucous-grey in colour....
) - D. Kippistiana (now B. kippistianaBanksia kippistianaBanksia kippistiana is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra kippistiana until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. Shuttleworthiana (now B. shuttleworthianaBanksia shuttleworthianaBanksia shuttleworthiana, commonly known as Bearded Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia, and is found between the towns of Geraldton and Gingin. It was known as Dryandra shuttleworthiana until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin...
) - D. sclerophylla (now B. sclerophyllaBanksia sclerophyllaBanksia sclerophylla is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra sclerophylla until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. squarrosa (now B. squarrosaBanksia squarrosaBanksia squarrosa, commonly known as Pingle, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Taxonomy:Specimens of B. squarrosa were first collected from near King George Sound in 1829 by William Baxter, and published by Robert Brown as Dryandra squarrosa the following year...
)
- D. stenoprion (now B. stenoprion
- § Pectinatæ
- D. serratuloides (now B. serratuloidesBanksia serratuloidesBanksia serratuloides is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra serratuloides until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. nana (now B. nanaBanksia nanaBanksia nana, commonly known as Dwarf Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra nana until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidisBanksia arctotidisBanksia arctotidis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra arctotidis until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. tortifolia (now B. tortifoliaBanksia tortifoliaBanksia tortifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was first published as Dryandra tortifolia in 1855. In 1870, George Bentham demoted it to a variety of Dryandra arctotidis , but this was overturned by Alex George in 1999...
) - D. Fraseri (now B. fraseriBanksia fraseriBanksia fraseri is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra fraseri until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-Description:...
) - D. cirsioides (now B. cirsioidesBanksia cirsioidesBanksia cirsioides is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra cirsioides until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-Description:...
)
- D. serratuloides (now B. serratuloides
- § Decurrentes
- D. seneciifolia (now B. seneciifoliaBanksia seneciifoliaBanksia seneciifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra polycephala until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. horrida (now B. horridaBanksia horridaBanksia horrida, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra horrida until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. concinna (now B. concinnaBanksia concinnaBanksia concinna is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra concinna until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
) - D. vestita (now B. vestitaBanksia vestitaBanksia vestita, commonly known as Summer Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra vestita until 2007.-Description:...
) - D. Hewardiana (now B. hewardianaBanksia hewardianaBanksia hewardiana is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was first published as Dryandra hewardiana by Carl Meissner in 1856. In 1870, George Bentham published what he held to be a closely related species under the name Dryandra patens, but in 1999 Alex George declared this a synonym of...
) - D. longifolia (now B. prolataBanksia prolataBanksia prolata is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra longifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. comosa (now B. comosaBanksia comosaBanksia comosa, commonly known as Wongan Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra comosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. proteoides (now B. proteoidesBanksia proteoidesBanksia proteoides, commonly known as King Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra proteoides until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. tenuifolia (now B. tenuisBanksia tenuisBanksia tenuis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra tenuifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. ferruginea (now B. rufaBanksia rufaBanksia rufa is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was first published by Carl Meisner in 1855, where it was given the name Dryandra ferruginea by Richard Kippist. The following year, Meisner published what was purportedly a distinct species, Dryandra runcinata...
) - D. cryptocephala (now B. seneciifoliaBanksia seneciifoliaBanksia seneciifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra polycephala until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
)
- D. seneciifolia (now B. seneciifolia
- § Acrodontæ
- D. carlinoides (now B. carlinoidesBanksia carlinoidesBanksia carlinoides, commonly known as Pink Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra carlinoides until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
) - D. tridentata (now B. tridentataBanksia tridentataBanksia tridentata, commonly known as Yellow Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was published as Dryandra tridentata in 1856, and remained in that genus for 150 years, although in 1893 Benjamin Daydon Jackson accidentally listed it in Index Kewensis under Banksia, thus...
)
- D. carlinoides (now B. carlinoides
- § Haplophyllæ
- D. speciosa (now B. splendidaBanksia splendidaBanksia splendida, commonly known as Shaggy Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra speciosa until 2007-Taxonomy:...
)
- D. speciosa (now B. splendida
- § Ilicinæ
- Section Diplophragma
-
- D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifidaBanksia bipinnatifidaBanksia bipinnatifida is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.-Description:It grows as a prostrate shrub with an underground stem and a lignotuber. It has few leaves; these are deeply lobes, and the lobes are themselves deeply lobed, giving the impression of a bipinnate leaf structure...
) - D. Preissii (now B. acuminataBanksia acuminataBanksia acuminata is a rare prostrate shrub endemic to south-west Western Australia. It was published in 1848 as Dryandra preissii, but transferred into Banksia as B. acuminata in 2007.-Description:...
)
- D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifida
-
- Section Aphragma
-
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifoliaBanksia pteridifoliaBanksia pteridifolia, commonly known as Tangled Honeypot, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra pteridifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
)- D. pteridifolia var. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifoliaBanksia pellaeifoliaBanksia pellaeifolia is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra blechnifolia until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
)
- D. pteridifolia var. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifolia
- D. calophylla (now B. calophyllaBanksia calophyllaBanksia calophylla is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra calophylla until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by research botanists Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele.-External links:...
)- D. calophylla var. acaulis (now B. drummondii subsp. drummondii)
- D. nervosa (now Banksia alliaceaBanksia alliaceaBanksia alliacea is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.It was known as Dryandra nervosa until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele...
) - D. drummondii (now Banksia drummondiiBanksia drummondiiBanksia drummondii, commonly known as Drummond's Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. Depending on the subspecies, flowering occurs either mid-year, or at year's end.-Description:...
)
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia
-
- Section Eudryandra
- Genus Hemiclidia
-
-
- H. Baxteri (now Banksia falcataBanksia falcataBanksia falcata, commonly known as Prickly Dryandra, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. It was known as Dryandra falcata until 2007, when all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele....
)
- H. Baxteri (now Banksia falcata
-
-
Legacy
Meissner's arrangement remained current until 1870, when it was superseded by George Bentham's arrangementBentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
George Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis...
as published in Volume V of Flora Australiensis
Flora Australiensis
Flora Australiensis: a description of the plants of the Australian Territory, more commonly referred to as Flora Australiensis, and also known by its standard abbreviation Fl. Austral., is a seven-volume flora of Australia published between 1863 and 1878 by George Bentham, with the assistance of...
. Bentham abandoned all of Meissner's infrageneric taxa except Brown's D. sect. Aphragma. In 1996, however, Alex George
Alex George
Alexander Segger George is a Western Australian botanist. He is the authority on the plant genera Banksia and Dryandra...
published a revised arrangement
George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra
Alex George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first modern-day arrangement of that taxon. First published in Nuytsia in 1996, it superseded the arrangement of George Bentham, which had stood for over a hundred years; it would later form the basis for George's 1999 treatment of Dryandra...
, resurrecting Brown's Diplophragma at subgenus rank, and also Meissner's series Marginatae, Acrodontae, Ilicinae
Dryandra ser. Ilicinae
Dryandra ser. Ilicinae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra . It was first published by Carl Meissner in 1856, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870...
, Decurrentes, Runcinatae and Pectinatae.
In 2007, Austin Mast
Austin Mast
Austin R. Mast is a research botanist. Born in 1972, he obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2000. He is currently an associate professor within the Department of Biological Science at Florida State University , and has been director of FSU's since August 2003.One of his...
and Kevin Thiele
Kevin Thiele
Kevin R. Thiele is curator of the Western Australian Herbarium. His research interests include the systematics of the plant families Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae and Violaceae, and the conservation ecology of grassy woodland ecosystems...
transferred Dryandra into Banksia, on the grounds that Banksia was paraphyletic
Paraphyly
A group of taxa is said to be paraphyletic if the group consists of all the descendants of a hypothetical closest common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups of descendants...
with respect to Dryandra. Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of Banksia, so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Meissner's infrageneric taxa are in current use.