List of MeSH codes (D12.125)
Encyclopedia
This is part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH
. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine
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Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)
--- alanine
--- beta-alanine
--- pantothenic acid
--- lysinoalanine --- mimosine
--- d-aspartic acid --- isoaspartic acid --- n-methylaspartate --- potassium magnesium aspartate --- glutamic acid
--- 1-carboxyglutamic acid --- glutamates --- polyglutamic acid --- sodium glutamate --- pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
--- argininosuccinic acid
--- benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide --- benzoylarginine nitroanilide --- homoarginine --- ng-nitroarginine methyl ester --- nitroarginine
--- omega-n-methylarginine --- tosylarginine methyl ester --- asparagine
--- glutamine
--- proglumide
--- lysine
--- hydroxylysine
--- lysinoalanine --- polylysine
--- ornithine
--- eflornithine
--- leucine
--- valine
--- 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
--- dihydroxyphenylalanine
--- cysteinyldopa
--- levodopa
--- methyldopa
--- fenclonine
--- p-fluorophenylalanine --- melphalan
--- thyroxine
--- thyronines --- diiodothyronines --- triiodothyronine
--- triiodothyronine, reverse --- tryptophan
--- 5-hydroxytryptophan
--- tyrosine
--- betalains --- betacyanins --- dihydroxyphenylalanine
--- cysteinyldopa
--- levodopa
--- methyldopa
--- diiodotyrosine
--- melanins --- monoiodotyrosine
--- methyltyrosines --- alpha-methyltyrosine --- phosphotyrosine --- cycloleucine
--- desmosine
--- histidine
--- ergothioneine
--- methylhistidines --- imino acids --- azetidinecarboxylic acid --- proline
--- captopril
--- fosinopril
--- hydroxyproline
--- pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid --- technetium tc 99m diethyl-iminodiacetic acid --- technetium tc 99m disofenin --- technetium tc 99m lidofenin --- isodesmosine
--- argininosuccinic acid
--- benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide --- benzoylarginine nitroanilide --- homoarginine --- ng-nitroarginine methyl ester --- nitroarginine
--- omega-n-methylarginine --- tosylarginine methyl ester --- asparagine
--- citrulline
--- cystathionine
--- cystine
--- diaminopimelic acid
--- glutamine
--- proglumide
--- homocystine --- lysine
--- hydroxylysine
--- lysinoalanine --- polylysine
--- ornithine
--- eflornithine
--- d-aspartic acid --- isoaspartic acid --- n-methylaspartate --- potassium magnesium aspartate --- carbocysteine --- cystathionine
--- cystine
--- glutamic acid
--- 1-carboxyglutamic acid --- glutamates --- polyglutamic acid --- sodium glutamate --- homocystine
--- omega-n-methylarginine --- histidine
--- isoleucine
--- leucine
--- lysine
--- methionine
--- phenylalanine
--- threonine
--- tryptophan
--- valine
--- cysteine
--- glutamine
--- methionine
--- serine
--- threonine
--- cysteic acid
--- cysteine
--- acetylcysteine --- carbocysteine --- cysteinyldopa
--- cystine
--- selenocysteine
--- ethionine --- homocysteine
--- s-adenosylhomocysteine --- homocystine --- methionine
--- s-adenosylmethionine --- n-formylmethionine
--- n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
--- methionine sulfoximine --- buthionine sulfoximine
--- selenomethionine
--- vitamin u --- penicillamine
--- s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
--- thiopronine --- thiorphan
--- vigabatrin
--- diazooxonorleucine
--- glutamic acid
--- glycine
--- allylglycine
--- n-substituted glycines --- glycocholic acid
--- glycodeoxycholic acid
--- glycochenodeoxycholic acid
--- sarcosine
--- thiopronine --- thiorphan
--- phosphoserine
--- phosphothreonine --- phosphotyrosine
--- serine
--- azaserine
--- cycloserine
--- droxidopa
--- enterobactin
--- phosphoserine
Mesh
Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...
. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine
United States National Library of Medicine
The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...
.
Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)
--- amino acids, peptides, and proteins
--- alanineAlanineAlanine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula CH3CHCOOH. The L-isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a nonpolar amino acid...
--- beta-alanineBeta-alanine
β-Alanine is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which are amino acids in which the amino group is at the β-position from the carboxylate group . The IUPAC name for β-alanine would be 3-aminopropanoic acid...
--- pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid, also called pantothenate or vitamin B5 , is a water-soluble vitamin. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient. Animals require pantothenic acid to synthesize coenzyme-A , as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.Pantothenic acid...
--- lysinoalanine --- mimosine
Mimosine
Mimosine or leucenol is an alkaloid, β-3-hydroxy-4 pyridone amino acid. It is a toxic non-protein free amino acid otherwise chemically similar to tyrosine, and was first isolated from Mimosa pudica. It occurs in a few other Mimosa spp...
--- amino acid chloromethyl ketones
--- tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone --- tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone--- amino acids, acidic
--- aspartic acidAspartic acid
Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCHCH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins...
--- d-aspartic acid --- isoaspartic acid --- n-methylaspartate --- potassium magnesium aspartate --- glutamic acid
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates...
--- 1-carboxyglutamic acid --- glutamates --- polyglutamic acid --- sodium glutamate --- pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
--- amino acids, basic
--- arginineArginine
Arginine is an α-amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG, are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that codify for arginine during...
--- argininosuccinic acid
Argininosuccinic acid
Argininosuccinic acid is a chemical compound that is a basic amino acid.-Reactions:Some cells synthesize argininosuccinic acid from citrulline and aspartic acid and use it as a precursor for arginine in the urea cycle or citrulline-NO cycle...
--- benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide --- benzoylarginine nitroanilide --- homoarginine --- ng-nitroarginine methyl ester --- nitroarginine
Nitroarginine
Nitroarginine, or Nω-nitro-L-arginine, is a nitro derivative of the amino acid arginine. It is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and hence a vaso-constrictor and coronary constrictor...
--- omega-n-methylarginine --- tosylarginine methyl ester --- asparagine
Asparagine
Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. It has carboxamide as the side-chain's functional group. It is not an essential amino acid...
--- glutamine
Glutamine
Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders...
--- proglumide
Proglumide
Proglumide is a drug that inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces gastric secretions. It acts as a cholecystokinin antagonist, which blocks both the CCKA and CCKB subtypes...
--- lysine
Lysine
Lysine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH4NH2. It is an essential amino acid, which means that the human body cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG....
--- hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine
5-Hydroxylysine is an amino acid with the molecular formula C6H14N2O3. It was first discovered in 1921 by Donald Van Slyke. It is a hydroxy derivative of lysine. It is most widely known as a component of collagen....
--- lysinoalanine --- polylysine
Polylysine
Polylysine is a small natural homopolymer of the essential amino acid L-lysine that is produced by bacterial fermentation. ε-Poly-L-lysine is used as a natural preservative in food products.-Chemical structure & function:...
--- ornithine
Ornithine
Ornithine is an amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle.-Role in urea cycle:L-Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea. Therefore, ornithine is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen....
--- eflornithine
Eflornithine
Eflornithine is a drug found to be effective in the treatment of facial hirsutism as well as in African trypanosomiasis...
--- amino acids, branched-chain
--- aminoisobutyric acids --- isoleucineIsoleucine
Isoleucine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH2CH3. It is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it, so it must be ingested. Its codons are AUU, AUC and AUA....
--- leucine
Leucine
Leucine is a branched-chain α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin and other 'buffer' proteins...
--- valine
Valine
Valine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2. L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar...
--- 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
--- amino acids, cyclic
--- amino acids, aromatic --- dextrothyroxine --- phenylalaninePhenylalanine
Phenylalanine is an α-amino acid with the formula C6H5CH2CHCOOH. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. L-Phenylalanine is an electrically neutral amino acid, one of the twenty common amino acids used to biochemically form...
--- dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine may refer to either of two chemical compounds:* D-DOPA, -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine* L-DOPA, -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a precursor of a neurotransmitter...
--- cysteinyldopa
Cysteinyldopa
Cysteinyldopa is a catecholamine. Excessive cysteinyldopa in plasma and urine has been linked to malignant melanoma. Cysteinyldopa is found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of...
--- levodopa
Levodopa
L-DOPA is a chemical that is made and used as part of the normal biology of some animals and plants. Some animals including humans make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine , and epinephrine collectively...
--- methyldopa
Methyldopa
Methyldopa is an alpha-adrenergic agonist psychoactive drug used as a sympatholytic or antihypertensive. Its use is now mostly deprecated following the introduction of alternative safer classes of agents...
--- fenclonine
Fenclonine
Fenclonine, also known as para-chlorophenylalanine , is a synthetic amino acid which acts as a selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. Fenclonine consequently depletes serotonin in the body and reduces its...
--- p-fluorophenylalanine --- melphalan
Melphalan
Melphalan hydrochloride is a chemotherapy drug belonging to the class of nitrogen mustard alkylating agents.An alkylating agent adds an alkyl group to DNA...
--- thyroxine
Thyroxine
Thyroxine, or 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine , a form of thyroid hormones, is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.-Synthesis and regulation:...
--- thyronines --- diiodothyronines --- triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine, C15H12I3NO4, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone. It affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate....
--- triiodothyronine, reverse --- tryptophan
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG...
--- 5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan , also known as oxitriptan , is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin from tryptophan....
--- tyrosine
Tyrosine
Tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 22 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. Its codons are UAC and UAU. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group...
--- betalains --- betacyanins --- dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine may refer to either of two chemical compounds:* D-DOPA, -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine* L-DOPA, -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a precursor of a neurotransmitter...
--- cysteinyldopa
Cysteinyldopa
Cysteinyldopa is a catecholamine. Excessive cysteinyldopa in plasma and urine has been linked to malignant melanoma. Cysteinyldopa is found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of...
--- levodopa
Levodopa
L-DOPA is a chemical that is made and used as part of the normal biology of some animals and plants. Some animals including humans make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine , and epinephrine collectively...
--- methyldopa
Methyldopa
Methyldopa is an alpha-adrenergic agonist psychoactive drug used as a sympatholytic or antihypertensive. Its use is now mostly deprecated following the introduction of alternative safer classes of agents...
--- diiodotyrosine
Diiodotyrosine
Diiodotyrosine is a precursor of thyroid hormone and results from iodization of monoiodotyrosine at the other meta- position on the phenol ring....
--- melanins --- monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine is a precursor of thyroid hormone and results from iodization of tyrosine at the meta- position of the phenol ring.Two units can combine to form 3,3'-diiodothyronine. One unit can combine with diiodotyrosine to form triiodothyronine, as occurs in the colloid of the thyroid...
--- methyltyrosines --- alpha-methyltyrosine --- phosphotyrosine --- cycloleucine
Cycloleucine
Cycloleucine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. It could be classified as a cyclic derivate of norleucine, having two hydrogen atoms less. Leading structure is a cyclopentane-ring...
--- desmosine
Desmosine
A desmosine cross-link is formed from three allysyl side chains plus one unaltered lysyl side chain from the same or neighbouring polypeptides.It is found in elastin. Desmosine causes a yellow color....
--- histidine
Histidine
Histidine Histidine, an essential amino acid, has a positively charged imidazole functional group. It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are CAU and CAC. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans...
--- ergothioneine
Ergothioneine
Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid and is a thiourea derivative of histidine, containing a sulfur atom in the imidazole ring. This compound is made in rather few organisms, notably Actinobacteria and filamentous fungi. Ergothioneine was discovered in 1909 and named after the ergot...
--- methylhistidines --- imino acids --- azetidinecarboxylic acid --- proline
Proline
Proline is an α-amino acid, one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. Its codons are CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG. It is not an essential amino acid, which means that the human body can synthesize it. It is unique among the 20 protein-forming amino acids in that the α-amino group is secondary...
--- captopril
Captopril
Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure. Captopril was the first ACE inhibitor developed and was considered a breakthrough both because of its novel mechanism of action and also because of the...
--- fosinopril
Fosinopril
Fosinopril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure. Fosinopril is the only phosphinate-containing ACE inhibitor marketed...
--- hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline
-4-Hydroxyproline, or L-hydroxyproline , is a common non-proteinogenic amino acid, abbreviated as HYP, e.g., in Protein Data Bank.-Structure and discovery:...
--- pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid --- technetium tc 99m diethyl-iminodiacetic acid --- technetium tc 99m disofenin --- technetium tc 99m lidofenin --- isodesmosine
Isodesmosine
Isodesmosine is a lysine derivative found in elastin....
--- amino acids, diamino
--- arginineArginine
Arginine is an α-amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG, are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that codify for arginine during...
--- argininosuccinic acid
Argininosuccinic acid
Argininosuccinic acid is a chemical compound that is a basic amino acid.-Reactions:Some cells synthesize argininosuccinic acid from citrulline and aspartic acid and use it as a precursor for arginine in the urea cycle or citrulline-NO cycle...
--- benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide --- benzoylarginine nitroanilide --- homoarginine --- ng-nitroarginine methyl ester --- nitroarginine
Nitroarginine
Nitroarginine, or Nω-nitro-L-arginine, is a nitro derivative of the amino acid arginine. It is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and hence a vaso-constrictor and coronary constrictor...
--- omega-n-methylarginine --- tosylarginine methyl ester --- asparagine
Asparagine
Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. It has carboxamide as the side-chain's functional group. It is not an essential amino acid...
--- citrulline
Citrulline
The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid. Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon, from which it was first isolated in 1930.It has the idealized formula H2NCNH3CHCO2H...
--- cystathionine
Cystathionine
Cystathionine is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine.It is generated from homocysteine and serine by cystathionine beta synthase.It is cleaved into cysteine and α-ketobutyrate by cystathionine gamma-lyase....
--- cystine
Cystine
Cystine is a dimeric amino acid formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues that covalently link to make a disulfide bond. This organosulfur compound has the formula 2. It is a white solid, and melts at 247-249 °C...
--- diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic acid is an amino acid, representing an epsilon-carboxy derivative of lysine.DAP is a characteristic of certain cell walls of some bacteria. When provided, they exhibit normal growth. When in deficiency, they still grow but with the inability to make new cell wall proteoglycan.This...
--- glutamine
Glutamine
Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders...
--- proglumide
Proglumide
Proglumide is a drug that inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces gastric secretions. It acts as a cholecystokinin antagonist, which blocks both the CCKA and CCKB subtypes...
--- homocystine --- lysine
Lysine
Lysine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH4NH2. It is an essential amino acid, which means that the human body cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG....
--- hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine
5-Hydroxylysine is an amino acid with the molecular formula C6H14N2O3. It was first discovered in 1921 by Donald Van Slyke. It is a hydroxy derivative of lysine. It is most widely known as a component of collagen....
--- lysinoalanine --- polylysine
Polylysine
Polylysine is a small natural homopolymer of the essential amino acid L-lysine that is produced by bacterial fermentation. ε-Poly-L-lysine is used as a natural preservative in food products.-Chemical structure & function:...
--- ornithine
Ornithine
Ornithine is an amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle.-Role in urea cycle:L-Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea. Therefore, ornithine is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen....
--- eflornithine
Eflornithine
Eflornithine is a drug found to be effective in the treatment of facial hirsutism as well as in African trypanosomiasis...
--- amino acids, dicarboxylic
--- 2-aminoadipic acid --- aspartic acidAspartic acid
Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCHCH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins...
--- d-aspartic acid --- isoaspartic acid --- n-methylaspartate --- potassium magnesium aspartate --- carbocysteine --- cystathionine
Cystathionine
Cystathionine is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine.It is generated from homocysteine and serine by cystathionine beta synthase.It is cleaved into cysteine and α-ketobutyrate by cystathionine gamma-lyase....
--- cystine
Cystine
Cystine is a dimeric amino acid formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues that covalently link to make a disulfide bond. This organosulfur compound has the formula 2. It is a white solid, and melts at 247-249 °C...
--- glutamic acid
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates...
--- 1-carboxyglutamic acid --- glutamates --- polyglutamic acid --- sodium glutamate --- homocystine
--- amino acids, essential
--- arginineArginine
Arginine is an α-amino acid. The L-form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG, are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that codify for arginine during...
--- omega-n-methylarginine --- histidine
Histidine
Histidine Histidine, an essential amino acid, has a positively charged imidazole functional group. It is one of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are CAU and CAC. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans...
--- isoleucine
Isoleucine
Isoleucine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH2CH3. It is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it, so it must be ingested. Its codons are AUU, AUC and AUA....
--- leucine
Leucine
Leucine is a branched-chain α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin and other 'buffer' proteins...
--- lysine
Lysine
Lysine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH4NH2. It is an essential amino acid, which means that the human body cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG....
--- methionine
Methionine
Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. This amino-acid is coded by the codon AUG, also known as the initiation codon, since it indicates mRNA's coding region where translation into protein...
--- phenylalanine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine is an α-amino acid with the formula C6H5CH2CHCOOH. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar because of the hydrophobic nature of the benzyl side chain. L-Phenylalanine is an electrically neutral amino acid, one of the twenty common amino acids used to biochemically form...
--- threonine
Threonine
Threonine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH3. Its codons are ACU, ACA, ACC, and ACG. This essential amino acid is classified as polar...
--- tryptophan
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG...
--- valine
Valine
Valine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2. L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar...
--- amino acids, neutral
--- asparagineAsparagine
Asparagine is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. It has carboxamide as the side-chain's functional group. It is not an essential amino acid...
--- cysteine
Cysteine
Cysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is biosynthesized in humans. Its codons are UGU and UGC. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is polar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophilic amino acid...
--- glutamine
Glutamine
Glutamine is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. It is not recognized as an essential amino acid but may become conditionally essential in certain situations, including intensive athletic training or certain gastrointestinal disorders...
--- methionine
Methionine
Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. This amino-acid is coded by the codon AUG, also known as the initiation codon, since it indicates mRNA's coding region where translation into protein...
--- serine
Serine
Serine is an amino acid with the formula HO2CCHCH2OH. It is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid.-Occurrence and biosynthesis:...
--- threonine
Threonine
Threonine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH3. Its codons are ACU, ACA, ACC, and ACG. This essential amino acid is classified as polar...
--- amino acids, sulfur
--- cystathionineCystathionine
Cystathionine is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine.It is generated from homocysteine and serine by cystathionine beta synthase.It is cleaved into cysteine and α-ketobutyrate by cystathionine gamma-lyase....
--- cysteic acid
Cysteic acid
Cysteic acid is an intermediate in cysteine metabolism....
--- cysteine
Cysteine
Cysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is biosynthesized in humans. Its codons are UGU and UGC. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is polar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophilic amino acid...
--- acetylcysteine --- carbocysteine --- cysteinyldopa
Cysteinyldopa
Cysteinyldopa is a catecholamine. Excessive cysteinyldopa in plasma and urine has been linked to malignant melanoma. Cysteinyldopa is found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of...
--- cystine
Cystine
Cystine is a dimeric amino acid formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues that covalently link to make a disulfide bond. This organosulfur compound has the formula 2. It is a white solid, and melts at 247-249 °C...
--- selenocysteine
Selenocysteine
Selenocysteine is an amino acid that is present in several enzymes .-Nomenclature:...
--- ethionine --- homocysteine
Homocysteine
Homocysteine is a non-protein amino acid with the formula HSCH2CH2CHCO2H. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine, differing by an additional methylene group. It is biosynthesized from methionine by the removal of its terminal Cε methyl group...
--- s-adenosylhomocysteine --- homocystine --- methionine
Methionine
Methionine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2CH2SCH3. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. This amino-acid is coded by the codon AUG, also known as the initiation codon, since it indicates mRNA's coding region where translation into protein...
--- s-adenosylmethionine --- n-formylmethionine
N-Formylmethionine
N-Formylmethionine is a proteinogenic amino acid found in Bacteria and related Prokaryotic organelles. It is a derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group...
--- n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is a formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become "metabolically activated" N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is...
--- methionine sulfoximine --- buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine sulfoximine is a sulfoximine used in chemotherapy which reduces levels of glutathione. The compound inhibits gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the enzyme required in the first step of glutathione synthesis. Buthionine sulfoximine may also be used to increase the sensitivity of...
--- selenomethionine
Selenomethionine
Selenomethionine is an amino acid containing selenium. The L-enantiomer of selenomethionine, known as Se-met and Sem, is a common natural food source of selenium. In vivo, selenomethionine is randomly incorporated instead of methionine and is readily oxidized. Its antioxidant activity arises from...
--- vitamin u --- penicillamine
Penicillamine
Penicillamine is a pharmaceutical of the chelator class. It is sold under the trade names of Cuprimine and Depen. The pharmaceutical form is D-penicillamine, as L-penicillamine is toxic...
--- s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine is the chemical compound with the formula ONSC2CHCO2H. SNAP is an S-nitrosothiol and is used as a model for the general class of S-nitrosothiols which have received much attention in biochemistry because nitric oxide and some organic nitroso derivatives serve as...
--- thiopronine --- thiorphan
Thiorphan
Thiorphan is the active metabolite of the antidiarrheal racecadotril . It prevents the degradation of endogenous enkephalins by acting as an enkephalinase inhibitor....
--- aminobutyric acids
--- aminoisobutyric acids --- gamma-aminobutyric acidGamma-aminobutyric acid
γ-Aminobutyric acid is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system...
--- vigabatrin
Vigabatrin
Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic drug that inhibits the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid by irreversibly inhibiting GABA transaminase. It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist...
--- aminocaproic acids
--- 6-aminocaproic acid --- norleucineNorleucine
Norleucine is an isomer of leucine, the α-amino acid 2-amino-hexanoic acid. It is not found in natural proteins. Norleucine is used in experimental studies of protein structure and function....
--- diazooxonorleucine
--- excitatory amino acids
--- aspartic acidAspartic acid
Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCHCH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins...
--- glutamic acid
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates...
--- glycineGlycineGlycine is an organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. Having a hydrogen substituent as its 'side chain', glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Its codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG cf. the genetic code.Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid...
--- allylglycineAllylglycine
Allylglycine is a glycine derivative. It is an inhibitor of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. Inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase blocks GABA biosynthesis, leading to lower levels of the neurotransmitter. It is used to induce convulsions in animals in scientific studies....
--- n-substituted glycines --- glycocholic acid
Glycocholic acid
Glycocholic acid, or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with glycine. Its anion is called glycocholate....
--- glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid derived from deoxycholic acid and glycine....
--- glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholic acid and glycine, usually found as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption....
--- sarcosine
Sarcosine
Sarcosine, also known as N-methylglycine, is an intermediate and byproduct in glycine synthesis and degradation. Sarcosine is metabolized to glycine by the enzyme sarcosine dehydrogenase, while glycine-N-methyl transferase generates sarcosine from glycine. Sarcosine is a natural amino acid found in...
--- thiopronine --- thiorphan
Thiorphan
Thiorphan is the active metabolite of the antidiarrheal racecadotril . It prevents the degradation of endogenous enkephalins by acting as an enkephalinase inhibitor....
--- phosphoamino acids
--- 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate --- phosphocreatinePhosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine, also known as creatine phosphate or PCr , is a phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle and brain.-Chemistry:...
--- phosphoserine
Phosphoserine
Phosphoserine is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid. Phosphoserine is a component of many proteins as the result of posttranslational modifications. The phosphorylation of the alcohol functional group in serine to produce phosphoserine is catalyzed by various types of kinases....
--- phosphothreonine --- phosphotyrosine
--- serineSerineSerine is an amino acid with the formula HO2CCHCH2OH. It is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid.-Occurrence and biosynthesis:...
--- azaserineAzaserine
Azaserine is a carcinogen primarily used for researching pancreatic cancer in animal models. It is a glutamine analogue that irreversibly inhibits glutamine utilizing enzymes such as Gln: Phosphoribosyl Amidotransferase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of Inosine monophosphate...
--- cycloserine
Cycloserine
Cycloserine is an antibiotic effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For the treatment of tuberculosis, it is classified as a second line drug, i.e...
--- droxidopa
Droxidopa
L-DOPS is a psychoactive drug and synthetic amino acid precursor which acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine...
--- enterobactin
Enterobactin
Enterobactin is a high affinity siderophore that acquires iron for microbial systems. It is primarily found in Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium....
--- phosphoserine
Phosphoserine
Phosphoserine is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid. Phosphoserine is a component of many proteins as the result of posttranslational modifications. The phosphorylation of the alcohol functional group in serine to produce phosphoserine is catalyzed by various types of kinases....