Light Timber Construction (Schools)
Encyclopedia
Light Timber Construction (or LTC) was the name given to a standardised architectural design used for the construction of hundreds of state school buildings in Victoria
, Australia
, between 1954 and 1977. LTC school buildings were designed for speed of construction, uniform appearance and low cost. Many LTC school buildings are either being demolished, or refurbished and so intact original-condition examples are becoming rare.
, there was a sudden increase in the natural birth rate, or "baby boom
", in Victoria, as well as a massive increase in immigration
. This led to a sharp rise in demand for school places, which the Department of Education in Victoria
was struggling to meet. In addition the Department had lowered the age of school admission to five years in 1946, and since the War there had was a substantial increase in students continuing into high school. A report commissioned in 1949 by the director of the Department of Education, Sir Alan Hollick Ramsay estimated that local high school enrolments would increase by 20,000 students over the next decade. Simultaneously, on account of the war, there was a shortage of building materials and labour in Victoria. In response to this crisis prefabricated buildings were seen as a solution, with ex-military huts pressed into service along with imported buildings. Several hundred aluminium classrooms manufactured by the Bristol Corporation were imported from England for use throughout the state until the program was ended in the mid-1950s.
Hollick recommended to the State Government that a standardised design for all state schools be adopted, as such a design would reduce the expense in commissioning architects to individually design each school, and would allow school construction to proceed more efficiently whilst using less building resources. In the early 1950s the Department of Public Works
developed the "Light Timber Construction" (or LTC) design. A number of initial prototype schools were built in the LTC style, as it was tested and refined. An early example, still in existence, is the Croxton School in the Melbourne
suburb of Northcote. Initially codenamed the "Leighton School" and classed as "prototype six", this school was built in 1956 and provides an example of the refinement of the LTC design. By the end of the 1950s the standardised design had been used for seventeen new schools.
The schools were built by a number of contractors: a contract in 1954 for £5,984 gave Swan Hill High School two LTC classrooms, the same year Heywood Consolidated School had six LTC classrooms erected for £9,800. Electrical works were in separate contracts, the 1955 contract for the electrical installation in six LTC classrooms at Heidelberg West State School was £375. The LTC design was used for more than general classrooms: the 1957 contract for the erection of a trade annex in light timber construction and masonry veneer at Bairnsdale Technical School was for £16,478; in 1962 a modified Domestic Arts
wing was built at Mortlake High School in light timber construction with a concrete veneer for £23,713.
From this period until 1976, hundreds of similar LTC school buildings were constructed by the Department of Education across Victoria. Whilst small design variations existed on different sites, and between primary and secondary
schools, the overall construction method and aesthetic remained the same. Eventually, the demand for school places fell and the Department of Education resumed constructing state schools with individual designs.
, sheet metal, brick
, or cement tile
(the most common option). Rooftops were always clad with corrugated iron, and supported by zig-zag steel rafters. LTC schools were always built as a single storey. Where multiple school wings were required, buildings were often linked with an iron covered-way in the case of primary schools, or a link corridor in the case of high schools.
LTC school buildings always consist of long central corridors, from which classrooms are constructed on either side. Typically, there will be a continuous span of classrooms on one side, whilst intervals will be left between clusters of classrooms on the alternate side, to allow for additional exits and natural light to penetrate the corridor. Occasionally, classrooms will only be constructed on a single side. Corridors typically have low ceilings (approximately 3 metres), and capacity for bags (primary schools) or lockers (high schools) to be stored along the walls. A long series of windows provides visual contact with classrooms.
Classrooms are typically entered through sliding doors from the corridor. The ceilings of classrooms are elevated above the corridor, and tilt away so that one row of windows connects the room with the corridor, whilst another row above provides natural light from outside. On the external side, either two or three horizontal rows of wooden-framed windows provide light from outside. LTC classrooms were typically furnished in a uniform way, with built-in blackboards and cupboards at the front of the room, fluorescent lighting from above, and venetian blinds on the windows. Most classrooms had polished wooden floorboards, which were later carpeted-over.
Owing to their cheap construction, and funding cuts that were made to education in the 1980s and 1990s, many LTC school buildings aged poorly, becoming shabby and run-down, becoming extremely expensive to maintain as they were not intended to last more than 20 years. In 2006 the Australian Education Union said that the cost simply replacing LTC schools is $1.9 billion, and would take 30 years at the then rates of Government spending. The State Government's Victorian Schools Plan released in 2006 committed to rebuild or renew all government schools by 2017, leading to many LTC school buildings being demolished or substantially renovated and modified. Consequently, intact examples of this school design in original condition are becoming very rare.
Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively....
, Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
, between 1954 and 1977. LTC school buildings were designed for speed of construction, uniform appearance and low cost. Many LTC school buildings are either being demolished, or refurbished and so intact original-condition examples are becoming rare.
History
Following the end of World War IIWorld War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, there was a sudden increase in the natural birth rate, or "baby boom
Baby boom
A baby boom is any period marked by a greatly increased birth rate. This demographic phenomenon is usually ascribed within certain geographical bounds and when the number of annual births exceeds 2 per 100 women...
", in Victoria, as well as a massive increase in immigration
Immigration
Immigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence...
. This led to a sharp rise in demand for school places, which the Department of Education in Victoria
Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively....
was struggling to meet. In addition the Department had lowered the age of school admission to five years in 1946, and since the War there had was a substantial increase in students continuing into high school. A report commissioned in 1949 by the director of the Department of Education, Sir Alan Hollick Ramsay estimated that local high school enrolments would increase by 20,000 students over the next decade. Simultaneously, on account of the war, there was a shortage of building materials and labour in Victoria. In response to this crisis prefabricated buildings were seen as a solution, with ex-military huts pressed into service along with imported buildings. Several hundred aluminium classrooms manufactured by the Bristol Corporation were imported from England for use throughout the state until the program was ended in the mid-1950s.
Hollick recommended to the State Government that a standardised design for all state schools be adopted, as such a design would reduce the expense in commissioning architects to individually design each school, and would allow school construction to proceed more efficiently whilst using less building resources. In the early 1950s the Department of Public Works
Public Works Department (Victoria)
The Public Works Department was a government agency which operated in Victoria between 1855 and 1987.Over its long history, the department had various responsibilities, many of which were later devolved to other departments or authorities...
developed the "Light Timber Construction" (or LTC) design. A number of initial prototype schools were built in the LTC style, as it was tested and refined. An early example, still in existence, is the Croxton School in the Melbourne
Melbourne
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...
suburb of Northcote. Initially codenamed the "Leighton School" and classed as "prototype six", this school was built in 1956 and provides an example of the refinement of the LTC design. By the end of the 1950s the standardised design had been used for seventeen new schools.
The schools were built by a number of contractors: a contract in 1954 for £5,984 gave Swan Hill High School two LTC classrooms, the same year Heywood Consolidated School had six LTC classrooms erected for £9,800. Electrical works were in separate contracts, the 1955 contract for the electrical installation in six LTC classrooms at Heidelberg West State School was £375. The LTC design was used for more than general classrooms: the 1957 contract for the erection of a trade annex in light timber construction and masonry veneer at Bairnsdale Technical School was for £16,478; in 1962 a modified Domestic Arts
Home Economics
Home economics is the profession and field of study that deals with the economics and management of the home and community...
wing was built at Mortlake High School in light timber construction with a concrete veneer for £23,713.
From this period until 1976, hundreds of similar LTC school buildings were constructed by the Department of Education across Victoria. Whilst small design variations existed on different sites, and between primary and secondary
Secondary college
Secondary college is the common name for government secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. The term arose through the mergers of high schools and technical schools in the late 1980s and mid-1990s, where most government secondary schools were renamed "secondary college"...
schools, the overall construction method and aesthetic remained the same. Eventually, the demand for school places fell and the Department of Education resumed constructing state schools with individual designs.
Design features
Light Timber Construction schools, as the name suggests, were constructed using wooden framing. External walls are either clad in timberTimber
Timber may refer to:* Timber, a term common in the United Kingdom and Australia for wood materials * Timber, Oregon, an unincorporated community in the U.S...
, sheet metal, brick
Brick
A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction, usually laid using various kinds of mortar. It has been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.-History:...
, or cement tile
Cement tile
Cement tiles are hand-made, decorative, colorful tiles used primarily as floor coverings. Floors or walls covered with these tiles are noted for their multi-color patterns, durability and sophisticated-look. These tiles are widely used in Latin America and Europe...
(the most common option). Rooftops were always clad with corrugated iron, and supported by zig-zag steel rafters. LTC schools were always built as a single storey. Where multiple school wings were required, buildings were often linked with an iron covered-way in the case of primary schools, or a link corridor in the case of high schools.
LTC school buildings always consist of long central corridors, from which classrooms are constructed on either side. Typically, there will be a continuous span of classrooms on one side, whilst intervals will be left between clusters of classrooms on the alternate side, to allow for additional exits and natural light to penetrate the corridor. Occasionally, classrooms will only be constructed on a single side. Corridors typically have low ceilings (approximately 3 metres), and capacity for bags (primary schools) or lockers (high schools) to be stored along the walls. A long series of windows provides visual contact with classrooms.
Classrooms are typically entered through sliding doors from the corridor. The ceilings of classrooms are elevated above the corridor, and tilt away so that one row of windows connects the room with the corridor, whilst another row above provides natural light from outside. On the external side, either two or three horizontal rows of wooden-framed windows provide light from outside. LTC classrooms were typically furnished in a uniform way, with built-in blackboards and cupboards at the front of the room, fluorescent lighting from above, and venetian blinds on the windows. Most classrooms had polished wooden floorboards, which were later carpeted-over.
Criticism and future
Whilst the LTC design provided government with a cheap and efficient method for rapidly constructing schools, the design meant that buildings were hot in summer and cold in winter due to poor insulation, and were often viewed as being "industrial" and "sterile" fitting a "factory model" of schooling. As methods of education has changed, modern educational specialists criticise the design of long corridors and rows of classrooms as being old-fashioned and uninspiring. The low-set ceilings of LTC corridors tended to make these spaces dark, and many schools have undergone refurbishment so that the height of the corridor ceilings has been lifted, and skylights installed. Other schools opened out internal walls and added non-institutional furniture to create a more flowing and integrated environment.Owing to their cheap construction, and funding cuts that were made to education in the 1980s and 1990s, many LTC school buildings aged poorly, becoming shabby and run-down, becoming extremely expensive to maintain as they were not intended to last more than 20 years. In 2006 the Australian Education Union said that the cost simply replacing LTC schools is $1.9 billion, and would take 30 years at the then rates of Government spending. The State Government's Victorian Schools Plan released in 2006 committed to rebuild or renew all government schools by 2017, leading to many LTC school buildings being demolished or substantially renovated and modified. Consequently, intact examples of this school design in original condition are becoming very rare.