Legal tests are various kinds of commonly applied methods of evaluation used to resolve matters of jurisprudence

Jurisprudence

Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal theorists , hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions...

. In the context of a trial

Trial

A trial is, in the most general sense, a test, usually a test to see whether something does or does not meet a given standard.It may refer to:*Trial , the presentation of information in a formal setting, usually a court...

, a hearing

Hearing (law)

In law, a hearing is a proceeding before a court or other decision-making body or officer, such as a government agency.A hearing is generally distinguished from a trial in that it is usually shorter and often less formal...

, discovery

Discovery (law)

In U.S.law, discovery is the pre-trial phase in a lawsuit in which each party, through the law of civil procedure, can obtain evidence from the opposing party by means of discovery devices including requests for answers to interrogatories, requests for production of documents, requests for...

, or other kinds of legal proceedings

Legal proceedings

Legal proceedings may refer to:*Legal process** Trial :*** Lawsuit, a civil trial*** Criminal trial* Hearing ** Administrative hearing** Congressional hearing* Impeachment proceedings* Court orders**Foreclosure**Receivership*Arbitration...

, the resolution of certain questions of fact

Question of fact

In law, a question of fact is a question which must be answered by reference to facts and evidence, and inferences arising from those facts. Such a question is distinct from a question of law, which must be answered by applying relevant legal principles...

 or law

Question of law

In jurisprudence, a question of law is a question which must be answered by applying relevant legal principles, by an interpretation of the law. Such a question is distinct from a question of fact, which must be answered by reference to facts and evidence, and inferences arising from those facts...

 may hinge on the application of one or more legal tests.

Legal tests are often formulated from the logical analysis of a judicial decision or a court order where it appears that a finder of fact or the court

Court

A court is a form of tribunal, often a governmental institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law...

 made a particular decision after contemplating a well-defined set of circumstances. It is assumed that evaluating any given set of circumstances under a legal test will lead to an unambiguous and repeatable result.

International law

• Berne three-step test
  Berne three-step test
  The Berne three-step test is a clause that is included in several international treaties on intellectual property. It imposes on signatories to the treaties constraints on the possible limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights under national copyright laws.- Berne Convention :The three-step...
  
  
• Habitual residence test
  Habitual residence
  In conflict of laws, habitual residence is the standard used to determine the law which should be applied to determine a given legal dispute. It can be contrasted with the law on domicile, traditionally used in common law jurisdictions to do the same thing....
  
  
• Caroline test
  Caroline test
  The Caroline test is a 19th century formulation of customary international law, reaffirmed by the Nuremberg Tribunal after World War II, which said that the necessity for preemptive self–defense must be "instant, overwhelming, and leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation."...
  
  

United Kingdom

• Bolam test
  Bolam Test
  Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 is an English tort law case that lays down the typical rule for assessing the appropriate standard of reasonable care in negligence cases involving skilled professionals : the Bolam test...
  
  
• Hicklin test
  Hicklin test
  The Hicklin test is a legal test for obscenity established by the English case Regina v. Hicklin. At issue was the statutory interpretation of the word "obscene" in the Obscene Publications Act 1857, which authorized the destruction of obscene books...
  
  
• Wednesbury unreasonableness test
  Wednesbury unreasonableness
  Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation [1947] 1 KB 223 is an English law case which set down the standard of unreasonableness of public body decisions which render them liable to be quashed on judicial review...
  
  

United States

• Consumer expectations test
  Consumer expectations test
  In legal disputes regarding product liability, a consumer expectations test is used to determine whether the product is negligently manufactured or whether a warning on the product is defective. Under this test, the product is considered defective if a reasonable consumer would find it defective...
  
  
• Lemon test
• Miller test
  Miller test
  The Miller test , is the United States Supreme Court's test for determining whether speech or expression can be labeled obscene, in which case it is not protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and can be prohibited.-History and details:The Miller test was developed in the...
  
  
• Risk-utility test
  Risk-utility test
  In legal disputes regarding product liability, a risk-utility test is used to determine whether a product's design or warning is defective, thereby making the manufacturer liable for injuries caused by its product....
  
  
• SLAPS test (an element of the Miller test)
• Reasonable expectation of privacy
• Clear and present danger
  Clear and present danger
  Clear and present danger was a term used by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. in the unanimous opinion for the case Schenck v. United States, concerning the ability of the government to regulate speech against the draft during World War I:...
  
  
• Bad tendency
  Bad tendency (legal)
  In U.S. law, the bad tendency principle is a test which permits restriction of freedom of speech by government if it is believed that a form of speech has a sole tendency to incite or cause illegal activity. The principle, formulated in Patterson v. Colorado, was seemingly overturned with the...
  
  
• California Legal Test for Fixtures