Knox College, Otago
Encyclopedia
Knox College is a privately run residential college
affiliated to the University of Otago
in New Zealand
, providing accommodation for primarily first and second year students, with a smaller number of postgraduates. The college is set in an 11 hectares (27.2 acre) landscaped site in Opoho
on the opposite side of the Dunedin Botanic Gardens
from the University. The site is shared with Salmond College, which was originally set up as complementary accommodation for female students. Although the institutions are run autonomously, they are governed by a joint body, The Council of Knox College and Salmond College.
. It became co-educational in 1983 and also houses the Knox Centre for Ministry and Leadership and the Archives Research Centre, under the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand
. The principal buildings were designed by W. Gray Young
when he was only 21.
Knox seeks to recreate some of the feeling of an Oxford or Cambridge college and much of its institutional terminology originated in these universities: recalcitrant students are "sent down"; there is a "Master" and there are "Fellows". However, roles may be distributed in a different manner to the British model; responsibility for security outside of office-hours lies with the Assistant Master and Sub-Masters rather than, say, College Porters
. Knox also retains many traditional aspects of college life, such as requiring jackets and ties for most dinners and making division into Senior and Junior Common Rooms
. Senior Common Room members are, in addition, expected to wear academic (undress) gowns
for most evening meals.
In keeping with this ethos and with its ecclesiastic roots, sung Evensong
is held in the College's Ross Chapel each week during term-time, led by the resident College Choir and, usually, with the Master presiding. The College's history describes the music as being "in the Royal School of Church Music
tradition" and, indeed, Knox College acts as the regional Registered Office of the RSCM, New Zealand for Otago & Southland
.
Many students will undertake some formal, college-coordinated learning at some stage during their residence, though the responsibility for students' education is ultimately borne by the university rather than the college, with students registering for or altering courses directly through the university administration. The College takes an active role in monitoring students' academic progress, requiring the majority of students to attend progress interviews. In addition, the college benefits from an on-campus library, the Hewitson Library, which provides continuous access for students to study space, a small cluster of computers and its primarily theological collection.
The Senior Common Room largely consists of (non-resident) academics and leading figures of the community elected into fellowship on a quinquennial basis. A number of Fellow
s in Residence, usually in the initial stages of an academic career (at masters, doctoral and postdoctoral level) are also included in the SCR. The stipendiary Ross Fellowship, established in 1920 and still held by a Resident Fellow of the College, is amongst the oldest such awards in the University. Until recently, certain Chairs in theology were held at Knox College.
The visitor
is the Moderator
of the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand
.
Former Presidents of the Students' Club include Professor Sir David Skegg
, the former Vice-Chancellor of the university, and the current Master of the college, Bruce Aitken.
The College organises a number of events, sometimes in coordination with the Students' Club, including College Feasts, musical and speaker events, a debating contest between the Junior and Senior Common Rooms and various liturgically-themed Chapel services.
A large congratulatory note was spray-painted onto the grass in front of the College during the weekend, reading 'Happy 100th Birthday', provenance unknown.
with which it contests the Nevill Cup and Cameron Shield each year. Currently Selwyn College retains both the Cameron Shield and the Neville Cup.
) J.Louis Salmond (1868–1950) came second.
Young’s plans envisaged development well beyond the college's immediate requirements taking the form of four ranges surrounding a central quadrangle. After the first stage was completed he was retained as architectural adviser and remained responsible for the buildings’ design for more than forty years. His successors remained true to his conception through challenging circumstances.
Because Young was based in Wellington and perhaps also because of his youth, Salmond was appointed supervising architect. The plan called for a principal range facing west with a large, square, central tower. It had subordinate ranges reaching forward at either extremity in a generally symmetrical composition. Behind the west range there were to be others at right angles to it, extending east, forming the north and south sides of the quadrangle.
The first building stage was the tower and the northward parts of the west range together with the range behind that trending east on the north side of the intended quadrangle (the “North Wing”). This part, the range on the north side of the quadrangle, included not only provision for teaching but a dining hall and servants’ accommodation.
The foundation stone was laid on the 6th of April 1908 and the building was opened on the 23rd of June 1909 having cost 19,307 pounds. The foundations were Port Chalmers breccia. The walls were finished in brick with Oamaru stone trims and the roofs were red clay tiles.
The building was in the Jacobethan
style, a late form of the Gothic revival still vigorous in the early 20th century. Knox has the characteristic Tudor arches, oriel windows and battlements and the elaboration of forms and details, if not to the extent of Harlaxton Manor
, sometimes pointed to as the type, or template, of the style.
At this point the College Council’s ambitions and those of their architect were becoming clear. On their high site the buildings are very visible. The council had insisted on raising the architect’s four-storeyed tower to five storeys. The three storeyed ranges and the forward thrusting subordinate reaches present a complex, but legible and imposing face to the world.
The interiors were spacious and finished with period detailing, including panels and hammer beams in the Dining Hall and stained glass and elaborate plasterwork, notably in the Chapel. Even so the college, as Young had conceived it, was far from complete.
Plans to extend the southern range, known as the “South Wing”, were prepared by him in enough detail to be estimated by 1929 but the Depression and the Second World War prevented their execution. In 1952 with plans and funding almost complete the project was suspended.
The new building, to become known as the Hewitson Wing, was set parallel to the main west range, behind it, forming the east flank of the quadrangle. With a library as its front, facing the quadrangle, and with a hall behind, this structure is very deep. It is linked by an arch to the north range, closing the quadrangle’s corner at that point.
Building methods and codes had changed. This structure, the first of the second building phase, incorporated reinforced concrete while retaining the forms and materials of the earlier buildings. It too is decorated inside in period fashion, the library, for example, managing to make the reference to an Elizabethan interior with a plausible degree of conviction.
The former provision for the Theological Hall in the north range was now made into additional accommodation for residents. This meant the Dining Hall was now too small for the numbers. That had been anticipated in the Gray Young era but in 1953 the council commissioned Salmond & Burt to prepare plans to extend the hall, estimated at 2,500 pounds. The work was completed by July 1957.
The extension reaches into the quadrangle courtyard, terminating in a crenellated bay window with stained lead lights. Inside it provides the space for the dais for the hall’s high table and seems a natural enlargement of the room.
In 1959 the College Council resumed its effort to extend the “South Wing”. Money was raised, the plans revised, tenders were called in August 1961. The building was opened on the 21st of April 1963 for a cost of 44,501 pounds. This was another structure with a reinforced concrete frame, styled and dressed to match the building it joined. It extended the “South Wing” eastward, taking the southern range to its present extent, further closing the quadrangle. It stopped short of the line of the east range which at that time had not reached its full extent. It was named the “Ross Wing”.
The quadrangle was still not completed and with the centennial of the Theological Hall approaching the College Council decided in August 1974 to mark it by extending the library. Fund raising was difficult but work began in August 1983. The extension was opened on the 30th of May 1984 for a cost of $463,000.
This is another structurally modern building dressed to complement the context. By this time Arthur Salmond had retired but his son John (1940–2008) was in practice. The addition extends the east range southwards, taking it to the line of the south range but leaving an open space between. With this the quadrangle was all but complete.
The building housing Knox College, University of Toronto
makes an interesting comparison. It takes a similar form around a quadrangle, has a comparable tower and was designed in a similar style. But it was completed in 1914, not slowly over decades.
The College has provided 17 Rhodes Scholars
(including any listed above). For further details of these and certain other of the alumni above, see the College's centennial history. Years provided are of initial entry, rather than of any returning periods.
Colleges of the University of Otago
The majority of first year students at the University of Otago's Dunedin campus stay in one of the fourteen residential colleges, alongside a smaller number of senior students and postgraduates...
affiliated to the University of Otago
University of Otago
The University of Otago in Dunedin is New Zealand's oldest university with over 22,000 students enrolled during 2010.The university has New Zealand's highest average research quality and in New Zealand is second only to the University of Auckland in the number of A rated academic researchers it...
in New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
, providing accommodation for primarily first and second year students, with a smaller number of postgraduates. The college is set in an 11 hectares (27.2 acre) landscaped site in Opoho
Opoho
Opoho is a suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It sits on the western flank of Signal Hill, New Zealand, to the northeast of the city centre, overlooking North East Valley and the Dunedin Botanic Gardens....
on the opposite side of the Dunedin Botanic Gardens
Dunedin Botanic Gardens
The Dunedin Botanical Gardens are located at the northern end of central Dunedin, in the South Island of New Zealand. They are located close to the University of Otago and one of the city's most historic cemeteries, the Northern Cemetery, on a spur of Signal Hill and on the river plain immediately...
from the University. The site is shared with Salmond College, which was originally set up as complementary accommodation for female students. Although the institutions are run autonomously, they are governed by a joint body, The Council of Knox College and Salmond College.
Function
Knox College was established in 1909 to provide residential accommodation for male students and to house an existing seminary for Presbyterian ministersMinister of religion
In Christian churches, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church or religious organization to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such as weddings, baptisms or funerals; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community...
. It became co-educational in 1983 and also houses the Knox Centre for Ministry and Leadership and the Archives Research Centre, under the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand
Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand
The Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand is the main Presbyterian church in New Zealand.-History:The Presbyterian Church of New Zealand was formed in October 1901 with the amalgamation of churches in Synod of Otago and Southland with those north of the Waitaki River.Presbyterians had by and...
. The principal buildings were designed by W. Gray Young
W. Gray Young
William Gray Young was a New Zealand architect in the early 20th century, designing buildings such as Knox College , Turnbull House and Elliott House...
when he was only 21.
Knox seeks to recreate some of the feeling of an Oxford or Cambridge college and much of its institutional terminology originated in these universities: recalcitrant students are "sent down"; there is a "Master" and there are "Fellows". However, roles may be distributed in a different manner to the British model; responsibility for security outside of office-hours lies with the Assistant Master and Sub-Masters rather than, say, College Porters
Porter (college)
The majority of colleges at the universities of Cambridge, Durham and Oxford, as well as newer collegiate universities such as York and older universities like University of Bristol and St David's College, have members of staff called porters. There is normally a head porter and a team of other...
. Knox also retains many traditional aspects of college life, such as requiring jackets and ties for most dinners and making division into Senior and Junior Common Rooms
Common Room (university)
In some universities in the United Kingdom — particularly collegiate universities such as Oxford, Cambridge and Durham — students and the academic body are organised into common rooms...
. Senior Common Room members are, in addition, expected to wear academic (undress) gowns
Academic dress
Academic dress or academical dress is a traditional form of clothing for academic settings, primarily tertiary education, worn mainly by those that have been admitted to a university degree or hold a status that entitles them to assume them...
for most evening meals.
In keeping with this ethos and with its ecclesiastic roots, sung Evensong
Evening Prayer (Anglican)
Evening Prayer is a liturgy in use in the Anglican Communion and celebrated in the late afternoon or evening...
is held in the College's Ross Chapel each week during term-time, led by the resident College Choir and, usually, with the Master presiding. The College's history describes the music as being "in the Royal School of Church Music
Royal School of Church Music
The largest church music organisation in Britain, the Royal School of Church Music was founded in 1927 by Sir Sydney Nicholson and has 11,000 members worldwide; it was originally named the School of English Church Music. It seeks to enable church music in the present and invest in its future,...
tradition" and, indeed, Knox College acts as the regional Registered Office of the RSCM, New Zealand for Otago & Southland
Southland Region
Southland is New Zealand's southernmost region and is also a district within that region. It consists mainly of the southwestern portion of the South Island and Stewart Island / Rakiura...
.
Many students will undertake some formal, college-coordinated learning at some stage during their residence, though the responsibility for students' education is ultimately borne by the university rather than the college, with students registering for or altering courses directly through the university administration. The College takes an active role in monitoring students' academic progress, requiring the majority of students to attend progress interviews. In addition, the college benefits from an on-campus library, the Hewitson Library, which provides continuous access for students to study space, a small cluster of computers and its primarily theological collection.
The Senior Common Room largely consists of (non-resident) academics and leading figures of the community elected into fellowship on a quinquennial basis. A number of Fellow
Fellow
A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in the upper social classes. It is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who are awarded...
s in Residence, usually in the initial stages of an academic career (at masters, doctoral and postdoctoral level) are also included in the SCR. The stipendiary Ross Fellowship, established in 1920 and still held by a Resident Fellow of the College, is amongst the oldest such awards in the University. Until recently, certain Chairs in theology were held at Knox College.
The visitor
Visitor
A Visitor, in United Kingdom law and history, is an overseer of an autonomous ecclesiastical or eleemosynary institution , who can intervene in the internal affairs of that institution...
is the Moderator
Moderator of the General Assembly
The Moderator of the General Assembly is the chairperson of a General Assembly, the highest court of a presbyterian or reformed church. Kirk Sessions and Presbyteries may also style the chairperson as moderator....
of the Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand
Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand
The Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand is the main Presbyterian church in New Zealand.-History:The Presbyterian Church of New Zealand was formed in October 1901 with the amalgamation of churches in Synod of Otago and Southland with those north of the Waitaki River.Presbyterians had by and...
.
Students' Club and Events
The Knox College Students' Club (KCSC) is an incorporated society and one of the oldest college organisations of its kind in New Zealand, having drawn up its constitution in 1909. The majority of student social events and intercollegiate events are organised through the KCSC Executive Committee, or student nominated Club members, and form a broad range of activities throughout the year. Particularly notable amongst these annual events are the two College Balls (in Autumn and Winter) and the Annual Blue Tyre Race, a time trial competition, run since 1963, (originally racing motor vehicles uphill, now motor-less contraptions downhill).Former Presidents of the Students' Club include Professor Sir David Skegg
David Skegg
Sir David Christopher Graham Skegg, KNZM, OBE, FRSNZ is a New Zealand epidemiologist and university administrator. He is a former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Otago and Professor of Preventive and Social Medicine. His primary research interest is cancer epidemiology.- Biography :Skegg was...
, the former Vice-Chancellor of the university, and the current Master of the college, Bruce Aitken.
The College organises a number of events, sometimes in coordination with the Students' Club, including College Feasts, musical and speaker events, a debating contest between the Junior and Senior Common Rooms and various liturgically-themed Chapel services.
Centennial Celebrations
The College achieved its centenary in 2009, with approximately 600 guests attending a variety of events over the celebration weekend in early August. The oldest returning resident (res. 1938-1943) planted a Centennial Oak in the College grounds to commemorate the occasion.A large congratulatory note was spray-painted onto the grass in front of the College during the weekend, reading 'Happy 100th Birthday', provenance unknown.
Relationships to other colleges
Knox College's Anglican equivalent is its arch-rival Selwyn CollegeSelwyn College, Otago
Selwyn College is a residential college affiliated to the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. It was founded by Bishop Samuel Tarratt Nevill as a theological college training clergy for the Anglican Church and as a hall of residence for students attending the university...
with which it contests the Nevill Cup and Cameron Shield each year. Currently Selwyn College retains both the Cameron Shield and the Neville Cup.
Building history
The college buildings are an imposing group representing a persistent and successful effort to carry out an architectural idea over an extended time which saw considerable change.Initial outlay
The Presbyterian Church of Otago and Southland opened a seminary for Ministers, its Theological Hall, in Dunedin in 1876. Early in the 20th century it acquired the core of the site in Opoho, above North East Valley, intending to re-house the seminary and to provide accommodation for its students and others attending the University of Otago. It established a brief and conducted an architectural competition won by William Gray Young (1885–1962) of Wellington in 1906.(W. Gray YoungW. Gray Young
William Gray Young was a New Zealand architect in the early 20th century, designing buildings such as Knox College , Turnbull House and Elliott House...
) J.Louis Salmond (1868–1950) came second.
Young’s plans envisaged development well beyond the college's immediate requirements taking the form of four ranges surrounding a central quadrangle. After the first stage was completed he was retained as architectural adviser and remained responsible for the buildings’ design for more than forty years. His successors remained true to his conception through challenging circumstances.
Because Young was based in Wellington and perhaps also because of his youth, Salmond was appointed supervising architect. The plan called for a principal range facing west with a large, square, central tower. It had subordinate ranges reaching forward at either extremity in a generally symmetrical composition. Behind the west range there were to be others at right angles to it, extending east, forming the north and south sides of the quadrangle.
The first building stage was the tower and the northward parts of the west range together with the range behind that trending east on the north side of the intended quadrangle (the “North Wing”). This part, the range on the north side of the quadrangle, included not only provision for teaching but a dining hall and servants’ accommodation.
The foundation stone was laid on the 6th of April 1908 and the building was opened on the 23rd of June 1909 having cost 19,307 pounds. The foundations were Port Chalmers breccia. The walls were finished in brick with Oamaru stone trims and the roofs were red clay tiles.
The building was in the Jacobethan
Jacobethan
Jacobethan is the style designation coined in 1933 by John Betjeman to describe the mixed national Renaissance revival style that was made popular in England from the late 1820s, which derived most of its inspiration and its repertory from the English Renaissance , with elements of Elizabethan and...
style, a late form of the Gothic revival still vigorous in the early 20th century. Knox has the characteristic Tudor arches, oriel windows and battlements and the elaboration of forms and details, if not to the extent of Harlaxton Manor
Harlaxton Manor
Harlaxton Manor, built in 1837, is a manor house in Harlaxton, Lincolnshire, England. Its architecture, which combines elements of Jacobean and Elizabethan styles with symmetrical Baroque massing, renders the mansion unique among surviving Jacobethan manors....
, sometimes pointed to as the type, or template, of the style.
Early development
The second stage was the southern part of the west range, including the forward projecting chapel. Behind this part of the west range the first part of the quadrangle’s southern range was also to be built. A tender was accepted in September 1912 and completed by March 1914. Construction had cost 10,525 pounds.At this point the College Council’s ambitions and those of their architect were becoming clear. On their high site the buildings are very visible. The council had insisted on raising the architect’s four-storeyed tower to five storeys. The three storeyed ranges and the forward thrusting subordinate reaches present a complex, but legible and imposing face to the world.
The interiors were spacious and finished with period detailing, including panels and hammer beams in the Dining Hall and stained glass and elaborate plasterwork, notably in the Chapel. Even so the college, as Young had conceived it, was far from complete.
Plans to extend the southern range, known as the “South Wing”, were prepared by him in enough detail to be estimated by 1929 but the Depression and the Second World War prevented their execution. In 1952 with plans and funding almost complete the project was suspended.
Post-war Progress
Meanwhile the combination of seminary and residential hall was proving difficult to accommodate in the existing space. In 1945 a fund was established to provide additional room. Young was getting old. He oversaw the drafting of the plans but advised the committee of his resignation in 1952. Salmond had died in 1950. His son, Arthur Salmond, (1906–1994) now in partnership with Harry Burt, took over the project. A contract was signed in 1953, building commenced the next year and the new Theological Hall was opened on the 12th of November 1955 for a cost of 80,000 pounds.The new building, to become known as the Hewitson Wing, was set parallel to the main west range, behind it, forming the east flank of the quadrangle. With a library as its front, facing the quadrangle, and with a hall behind, this structure is very deep. It is linked by an arch to the north range, closing the quadrangle’s corner at that point.
Building methods and codes had changed. This structure, the first of the second building phase, incorporated reinforced concrete while retaining the forms and materials of the earlier buildings. It too is decorated inside in period fashion, the library, for example, managing to make the reference to an Elizabethan interior with a plausible degree of conviction.
The former provision for the Theological Hall in the north range was now made into additional accommodation for residents. This meant the Dining Hall was now too small for the numbers. That had been anticipated in the Gray Young era but in 1953 the council commissioned Salmond & Burt to prepare plans to extend the hall, estimated at 2,500 pounds. The work was completed by July 1957.
The extension reaches into the quadrangle courtyard, terminating in a crenellated bay window with stained lead lights. Inside it provides the space for the dais for the hall’s high table and seems a natural enlargement of the room.
In 1959 the College Council resumed its effort to extend the “South Wing”. Money was raised, the plans revised, tenders were called in August 1961. The building was opened on the 21st of April 1963 for a cost of 44,501 pounds. This was another structure with a reinforced concrete frame, styled and dressed to match the building it joined. It extended the “South Wing” eastward, taking the southern range to its present extent, further closing the quadrangle. It stopped short of the line of the east range which at that time had not reached its full extent. It was named the “Ross Wing”.
The quadrangle was still not completed and with the centennial of the Theological Hall approaching the College Council decided in August 1974 to mark it by extending the library. Fund raising was difficult but work began in August 1983. The extension was opened on the 30th of May 1984 for a cost of $463,000.
This is another structurally modern building dressed to complement the context. By this time Arthur Salmond had retired but his son John (1940–2008) was in practice. The addition extends the east range southwards, taking it to the line of the south range but leaving an open space between. With this the quadrangle was all but complete.
Post-millennial Contributions
By 2003 the College Council had formed plans to close the gap and thus complete the courtyard; to re-form the entry to the tower from the quadrangle; and to provide space for archives in an addition to the Theological Hall, or a new building beside it. The brochure announcing the centennial celebrations to be held in August 2009 referred to the extension of the Ross Wing and another extension of the "Great Hall" as projects to be launched before the celebrations.Summary
The buildings are a striking essay in their manner. They conjure a real sense of the grand home of a cloistered religious and academic community of the past. They also meet the needs of a contemporary New Zealand university hall of residence. Their significance is the material evidence they provide of the possibility of successfully persevering with ambitious architectural ideas through challenging times.The building housing Knox College, University of Toronto
Knox College, University of Toronto
Knox College is a postgraduate theological college of the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1844 as part of a schism movement in the Church of Scotland following the Disruption...
makes an interesting comparison. It takes a similar form around a quadrangle, has a comparable tower and was designed in a similar style. But it was completed in 1914, not slowly over decades.
Notable Knoxmen and Knoxwomen
While many of those above have been resident at the College, some of those who attended as Divinity students may have received tuition while living in private accommodation.The College has provided 17 Rhodes Scholars
Rhodes Scholarship
The Rhodes Scholarship, named after Cecil Rhodes, is an international postgraduate award for study at the University of Oxford. It was the first large-scale programme of international scholarships, and is widely considered the "world's most prestigious scholarship" by many public sources such as...
(including any listed above). For further details of these and certain other of the alumni above, see the College's centennial history. Years provided are of initial entry, rather than of any returning periods.
Sources
- Breward, Ian, Grace and Truth: a History of Theological Hall, Knox College, Dunedin, 1876-1975, Dunedin : Theological Education Committee, Presbyterian Church of New Zealand, 1975.
- Cheyne, A. C., Studies in Scottish church history, 1999
- Fenton, Campisi & Starna, Iroquois journey: an anthropologist remembers, 2007
- Clarke, Alison, A Living Tradition: A Centennial History of Knox College, 2009
- Curl, James Stevens, A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0198606788.
- Knight, Hardwicke & Wales, Niel, Buildings of Dunedin, John McIndoe Limited, Dunedin, 1988.
- Milnes, John, History of the Knox College Site and Buildings 1902-2002.
- Numbers & Stenhouse, Disseminating Darwinism, the Role of Place, Race, Religion, and Gender, 2001
- Otago Daily Times, Dunedin, 1861-.
- Salmond, AJ, Knox College Conservation Plan 2004, Salmond Anderson Ltd, Dunedin, 2003.
External links
- Knox College website
- Knox College Blue Book; College-maintained "reference guide to life at Knox"
- School of Ministry, Knox College