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Insect Repellent

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Insect repellent



 
 
An insect repellent is a substance applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insect
Insect

Insects are the biggest class of arthropods and the only ones with wings. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet. They are most diverse at the equator and their diversity declines toward the poles....
s (and arthropod
Arthropod

Arthropods are animals belonging to the Scientific classification Arthropoda , and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others....
s in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. There are also insect repellent products available based on sound production, particularly ultrasound
Ultrasound

Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing . Although this limit varies from person to person, it is approximately 20 Hertz in healthy, young adults and thus, 20 kHz serves as a useful lower limit in describing ultrasound....
 (inaudibly high frequency sounds). These electronic devices have been shown to have no effect as a mosquito repellent by studies done by the EPA and many universities.

Insect repellents help prevent and control the outbreak of insect-borne
Vector (biology)

In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one Host to another, serving as a transmission ....
 diseases such as malaria
Malaria

Malaria is a Vector -borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. It is widespread in Tropics and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa....
, Lyme disease
Lyme disease

Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is an emerging infectious disease caused by at least three species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia....
, Dengue fever
Dengue fever

Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are acute fever tropical diseases, found in the tropics and Africa, and caused by four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae....
, bubonic plague
Bubonic plague

Plague is a deadly infectious disease caused by the Enterobacteriaceae Yersinia pestis . Plague is a zoonotic, primarily carried by rodents and spread to humans via fleas....
, and West Nile fever.






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An insect repellent is a substance applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insect
Insect

Insects are the biggest class of arthropods and the only ones with wings. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet. They are most diverse at the equator and their diversity declines toward the poles....
s (and arthropod
Arthropod

Arthropods are animals belonging to the Scientific classification Arthropoda , and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others....
s in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. There are also insect repellent products available based on sound production, particularly ultrasound
Ultrasound

Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing . Although this limit varies from person to person, it is approximately 20 Hertz in healthy, young adults and thus, 20 kHz serves as a useful lower limit in describing ultrasound....
 (inaudibly high frequency sounds). These electronic devices have been shown to have no effect as a mosquito repellent by studies done by the EPA and many universities.

Insect repellents help prevent and control the outbreak of insect-borne
Vector (biology)

In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one Host to another, serving as a transmission ....
 diseases such as malaria
Malaria

Malaria is a Vector -borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. It is widespread in Tropics and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa....
, Lyme disease
Lyme disease

Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is an emerging infectious disease caused by at least three species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia....
, Dengue fever
Dengue fever

Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are acute fever tropical diseases, found in the tropics and Africa, and caused by four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae....
, bubonic plague
Bubonic plague

Plague is a deadly infectious disease caused by the Enterobacteriaceae Yersinia pestis . Plague is a zoonotic, primarily carried by rodents and spread to humans via fleas....
, and West Nile fever. Pest animals commonly serving as vectors
Vector (biology)

In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one Host to another, serving as a transmission ....
 for disease include the insects flea
Flea

Flea is the common name for insects of the order Siphonaptera which are wingless insects whose mouthparts are adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood....
, fly
Fly

True flies are insects of the Order Diptera , possessing a single pair of insect wing on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, derived from the hind wings, on the metathorax....
, and mosquito
Mosquito

Mosquitoes are common flying insects in the family Culicidae that are found around the world. There are about 3,500 species. They have a pair of scaled wings, a pair of halteres, a slender body, and six long legs....
; and the arachnid tick
Tick

Tick is the common name for the small arachnids in superfamily Ixodoidea that, along with other mites, constitute the Acarina. Ticks are ectoparasites , living by hematophagy on the blood of mammals, birds, and occasionally reptiles and amphibians....
.

Common insect repellents include:

  • DEET
    DEET

    N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, abbreviated DEET, is the most common active ingredient in insect repellents. It is intended to be applied to the skin or to clothing, and is primarily used to repel mosquitos....
     (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide)
  • Essential oil
    Essential oil

    An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. They are also known as volatile or ethereal oils, or simply as the "oil of" the plant material from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove....
     of the lemon eucalyptus and its active ingredient p-menthane-3,8-diol
    P-menthane-3,8-diol

    p-Menthane-3,8-diol, also known as para-menthane-3,8-diol and PMD, is an active ingredient used in insect repellents. It smells similar to menthol and acts as a coolant....
     (PMD)
  • Icaridin
    Icaridin

    Icaridin, also known as picaridine, KBR 3023, under the INCI name hydroxyethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, and under the old trade name Bayrepel and the current trade name Saltidin, is an insect repellent....
    , also known as picaridin, Bayrepel, and KBR 3023
  • Nepetalactone
    Nepetalactone

    Nepetalactone is an organic compound first isolated in the plant catnip, Nepeta cataria. The name is apparently derived from the Italy city Nepete....
    , also known as "catnip oil"
  • Citronella oil
    Citronella oil

    Citronella oil is one of the essential oils obtained from the leaves and stems of different species of Cymbopogon. The oil is used extensively as a source of perfumery chemicals such as citronellal, citronellol and geraniol....
  • Permethrin
    Permethrin

    Permethrin is a common chemical synthesis chemical, widely used as an insecticide, acaricide, and insect repellent. It belongs to the family of synthetic chemicals called pyrethroids and functions as a neurotoxin, affecting neuron cell membranes by prolonging sodium channel activation....
  • Neem oil
    Neem oil

    Neem oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of Neem , an evergreen tree which is endemic to the Indian subcontinent and has been introduced to many other areas in the tropics....
  • Bog Myrtle


Usually insect repellents work by masking human scent, or by using a scent which insects naturally avoid. Permethrin
Permethrin

Permethrin is a common chemical synthesis chemical, widely used as an insecticide, acaricide, and insect repellent. It belongs to the family of synthetic chemicals called pyrethroids and functions as a neurotoxin, affecting neuron cell membranes by prolonging sodium channel activation....
 is different in that it is actually a contact insecticide
Insecticide

An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all developmental forms. They include ovicides and larvicides used against the Egg and larvae of insects respectively....
.

Repellent effectiveness


Synthetic
Synthetic

Synthetic is usually used in the sense of synthesis, the combination of two or more parts, whether by design or by natural processes. It can also be used as in:...
 repellents tend to be more effective and/or longer lasting than 'natural' repellents. However, some plant-based repellents are comparable to, or somewhat better than synthetics - depending on the formula. Essential oil
Essential oil

An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. They are also known as volatile or ethereal oils, or simply as the "oil of" the plant material from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove....
 repellents can be short-lived in their effectiveness, since essential oils can evaporate completely.

A test of various insect repellents by an independent consumer organization found that repellents containing DEET or picaridin are more effective than repellents with 'natural' active ingredients. All the synthetics gave almost 100% repellency for the first 2 hours, where the natural repellent products were most effective for the first 30-60 minutes, and required reapplication to be effective over several hours. However, some products in the market like essential oil candle and natural herb mosquito coil can give protection to an entire room up to 8 hours.

For protection against mosquitos, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control issued a statement in May 2008 recommending equally DEET, picaridin, oil of lemon eucalyptus and IR3535 for skin. Permethrin is recommended for clothing, gear, or bed nets. In an earlier report, the CDC found oil of lemon eucalyptus to be more effective than other plant-based treatments, with a similar effectiveness to low concentrations of DEET. However, a 2006 published study found in both cage and field studies that a product containing 40% oil of lemon eucalyptus was just as effective as products containing high concentrations of DEET. Research has also found that neem oil is mosquito repellent for up to 12 hours. Citronella oil's mosquito repellency has also been verified by research, including effectiveness in repelling Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti , is a mosquito that can spread the dengue fever, Chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, and other diseases as well....
, but requires reapplication after 30-60 minutes.

Repellent safety


Regarding safety
Safety

Safety is the state of being "safe" , the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable....
 with insect repellent use on children and pregnant women:

  • Children may be at greater risk for adverse reactions to repellents, in part, because their exposure may be greater.
  • Keep repellents out of the reach of children.
  • Do not allow children to apply repellents to themselves.
  • Use only small amounts of repellent on children.
  • Do not apply repellents to the hands of young children because this may result in accidental eye contact or ingestion.
  • Try to reduce the use of repellents by dressing children in long sleeves and long pants tucked into boots or socks whenever possible. Use netting over strollers, playpens, etc.
  • As with chemical exposures in general, pregnant women should take care to avoid exposures to repellents when practical, as the fetus
    Fetus

    A fetus is a developing mammal or other viviparous vertebrate, after the embryonic stage and before childbirth. The plural is fetuses, or sometimes feti....
     may be vulnerable.


Regardless of which repellent product used, it is recommended that the label
Label

A label is a piece of paper, polymer, cloth, metal, or other material affixed to a Packaging and labelling or article, on which is printinged a legend, information concerning the product, addresses, etc....
 is read before use and directions carefully followed. Usage instructions for repellents vary from country to country. Some insect repellents are not recommended for use on younger children.

In the DEET Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) the United States Environmental Protection Agency? (EPA) reported 14 to 46 cases of potential DEET associated seizures, including 4 deaths. The EPA states: "... it does appear that some cases are likely related to DEET toxicity
Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ , such as the liver ....
," but observed that with 30% of the US population using DEET, the likely seizure rate is only about one per 100 million users.

The Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University
Cornell University

Cornell University located in Ithaca, New York, USA, is a private university with four Statutory college. Its two medical campuses are in New York City and Education City, Qatar....
 states that, "Everglades National Park
Everglades National Park

Everglades National Park is a List of areas in the United States National Park System in the U.S. state of Florida. The largest Subtropics wilderness in the United States, it contains the southern 25 percent of the original Everglades marshland region of southwestern Florida....
 employees having extensive DEET exposure were more likely to have insomnia, mood disturbances and impaired cognitive function than were lesser exposed co-workers".

The EPA states that citronella oil shows little or no toxicity
Toxicity

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ , such as the liver ....
 and has been used as a topical insect repellent for 60 years. However, the EPA also states that citronella may irritate skin and cause dermatitis
Dermatitis

Dermatitis is a blanket term meaning any "inflammation of the skin" . There are several different types of dermatitis. The different kinds usually have in common an allergic reaction to specific allergens....
 in certain individuals. Canadian regulatory authorities concern with citronella based repellents is primarily based on data-gaps in toxicology
Toxicology

Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people....
, not on incidents.

Insect repellents from natural sources

There are many naturally occurring pesticides which can be used as an insect repellent, and some of these are:
  • Achillea
    Achillea

    Achillea is a genus of about 85 flowering plants, in the family Asteraceae, commonly referred to as yarrow. They occur in Europe and temperate areas of Asia....
     alpina
    (mosquitos)
  • alpha-terpinene
    Terpinene

    The terpinenes are three isomeric hydrocarbons that are classified as terpenes. They each have the same molecular formula and carbon framework, but they differ in the position of carbon-carbon double bonds....
     (mosquitos)
  • Basil
    Basil

    Basil , of the Family Lamiaceae. Basil is a tender low-growing herb that is grown as a Perennial plant in warm, tropical climates. Basil is originally native to Iran, India and other tropical regions of Asia, having been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years....
  • Callicarpa americana
    Callicarpa americana

    American Beautyberry is an open-habit, native plant shrub of the Southern United States which is often grown as an Ornamental plant in gardens and yards....
     (Beautyberry
    Beautyberry

    Beautyberry is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Verbenaceae; between 40-150 species are accepted by different botanists. They are native to east and southeast Asia , Australia, southeast North America and Central America....
    )
  • Camphor
    Camphor

    Camphor is a waxy, white or transparent solid with a strong, aromatic odor. It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula carbon10hydrogen16oxygen....
     (moths)
  • Carvacrol
    Carvacrol

    Carvacrol, or cymophenol, C6H3CH3, is a monoterpene phenol. It has a characteristic pungent, warm odor of oregano and a pizza-like taste....
     (mosquitos)
  • Castor oil
    Castor oil

    Castor oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the castor bean . Castor oil is a colorless to very pale yellow liquid with mild or no odor or taste....
     (mosquitos)
  • Catnip oil (nepetalactone
    Nepetalactone

    Nepetalactone is an organic compound first isolated in the plant catnip, Nepeta cataria. The name is apparently derived from the Italy city Nepete....
     against mosquitos)
  • Cedar
    Cedar

    Cedar is a genus of coniferous trees in the plant family Pinaceae. They are most closely related to the Firs , sharing a very similar cone structure....
     oil (mosquitos)
  • Celery
    Celery

    Apium graveolens is a plant species in the family Apiaceae commonly known as celery or celeriac depending on whether the petioles or roots are eaten....
     extract (mosquitos)
  • Cinnamon
    Cinnamon

    Cinnamon is a small evergreen tree 10?15 metres tall, belonging to the family Lauraceae, and is native to Sri Lanka.The leaf are ovate-oblong in shape, 7?18 cm long....
     (leaf oil kills mosquito larvae)
  • Citronella
    Citronella

    Citronella is a word used for several things, including:* Citronella , a genus of trees and shrubs in the Cardiopteridaceae* several Cymbopogon species...
     oil (repels mosquitos)
  • Clove
    Clove

    Cloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. Cloves are native to Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisine all over the world....
     oil (mosquitos)
  • Eucalyptus oil
    Eucalyptus oil

    Eucalyptus oil is the generic name for distilled oil from Eucalyptus, a genus of the plant family Myrtaceae native to Australia and cultivated worldwide....
     (70%+ eucalyptol
    Eucalyptol

    Eucalyptol is a natural organic compound which is a colorless liquid. It is a cyclic ether and a monoterpenoid.Eucalyptol is also known by a variety of synonyms: 1,8-cineol, 1,8-cineole, limonene oxide, cajeputol, 1,8-epoxy-p-menthane, 1,8-oxido-p-menthane, eucalyptol, eucalyptole, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, cineol, cineole...
    ), (cineol is a synonym), mosquitos, flies, dust mites)
  • Fennel
    Fennel

    Fennel is a plant species in the genus Foeniculum . It is a member of the family Apiaceae . It is a hardy, perennial plant, umbelliferous herb, with yellow flowers and feathery leaf....
     oil (mosquitos)
  • Garlic
    Garlic

    Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, and chive....
     (rice weevil, wheat flour beetle)
  • Lemongrass
  • Geranium oil (mosquitos)
  • Lavender
    Lavender

    The Lavenders Lavandula are a genus of 39 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region south to tropical Africa and to the southeast regions of India....
  • Lemon eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) essential oil and its active ingredient p-menthane-3,8-diol
    P-menthane-3,8-diol

    p-Menthane-3,8-diol, also known as para-menthane-3,8-diol and PMD, is an active ingredient used in insect repellents. It smells similar to menthol and acts as a coolant....
     (PMD)
  • Lemongrass oil (mosquitos)
  • Marigold
    Marigold

    Marigold may refer to:Plants:* Marigold , Tagetes* Pot marigold, Calendula* Mexican marigold, Tagetes erecta* Tree marigold, Tithonia diversifolia...
    s
  • Marjoram
    Marjoram

    Marjoram is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial plant herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavours. It is also called Sweet Marjoram or Knotted Marjoram and Majorana hortensis....
     (Spider mites Tetranychus urticae
    Tetranychus urticae

    Tetranychus urticae is one of many species of plant-feeding mites found in dry Natural environments, and generally considered a pest . It is the most widely known member of the family Tetranychidae or Spider mites....
     and Eutetranychus orientalis)
  • Neem oil
    Neem oil

    Neem oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of Neem , an evergreen tree which is endemic to the Indian subcontinent and has been introduced to many other areas in the tropics....
     (Repels or kills mosquitos, their larvae and a plethora of other insects including those in agriculture)
  • Peppermint
    Peppermint

    Peppermint is a Hybrid Mentha, a cross between the watermint and spearmint . The plant, indigenous to Europe, is now widespread in cultivation throughout all regions of the world....
     (mosquitos)
  • Pennyroyal
    Pennyroyal

    The herb Pennyroyal , is a member of the mentha genus; an essential oil extracted from it is used in aromatherapy. Crushed Pennyroyal leaves and foliage exhibit a very strong spearmint fragrance....
     (Mentha pulegium) (mosquitos, fleas), but very toxic to pets.
  • Rosemary
    Rosemary

    Rosemary is a woody, perennial plant herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaf. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which also includes many other herbs....
     (mosquitos)
  • Spanish Flag Lantana camara
    Lantana camara

    Lantana camara, also known as Spanish Flag, is native to tropical regions in Central and South America. Lantana camara has been introduced into other parts of the world as an ornamental plant, it is considered an invasive species in many tropical areas....
     (against Tea Mosquito Bug, Helopeltis theivora)
  • Solanum villosum berry juice (against Stegomyia aegypti mosquitos)
  • Tea tree
    Tea tree

    Tea tree or Ti-tree is a popular name that has been applied to a number of different, unrelated plants:*Camellia sinensis , from which black, green, oolong and white tea are all obtained....
  • Thyme
    Thyme

    Thyme is a well known herb; in common usage the name may refer to* any or all members of the plant genus Thymus ,* common thyme, Thymus vulgaris, and some other species that are used as culinary herbs or for medicinal purposes....
     (mosquitos)


Inactive substances


While soybean oil has no direct insect repellant activity, it is used as a fixative
Fixative (perfumery)

In perfumery, a fixative is a natural or synthetic substance used to reduce the evaporation rate and improve stability when added to more volatile components....
 to extend the short duration of action of essential oil
Essential oil

An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. They are also known as volatile or ethereal oils, or simply as the "oil of" the plant material from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove....
s such as geranium oil in several commercial products.

Other commercial products offered for household mosquito "control" include small electrical mats, mosquito repellent vapor, DEET-impregnated wrist bands, and mosquito coils containing a form of the chemical allethrin
Allethrin

The allethrins are a pair of related synthetic compounds used in insecticides. They are synthetic pyrethroids, a synthetic form of a chemical found naturally in the chrysanthemum flower....
. Mosquito-repellent candles containing citronella oil are sold widely in the U.S. All of these have been used with mixed reports of success and failure.

Less effective methods

Some old studies suggested that the ingestion of large doses of thiamin could be effective as a oral
Mouth

The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up the solid food particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva....
 insect repellent against mosquito bites. However, there is now conclusive evidence that thiamin has no efficacy against mosquito bites.

Some claim that plants like wormwood
Wormwood

Wormwood may refer to:*Various plants of the genus Artemisia but commonly Artemisia absinthium, also called grande wormwood or absinthe wormwood...
 or sagewort, lemon balm
Lemon balm

Lemon balm , not to be confused with bee balm, Monarda species, is a perennial plant herb in the mentha family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region....
, lemon grass, lemon thyme
Thyme

Thyme is a well known herb; in common usage the name may refer to* any or all members of the plant genus Thymus ,* common thyme, Thymus vulgaris, and some other species that are used as culinary herbs or for medicinal purposes....
 and the mosquito plant (Pelargonium)
Pelargonium

Pelargonium is a genus of flowering plants which includes about 200 species of perennial plants, succulent plants, and shrubs, commonly known as geraniums or storksbills....
 will act against mosquitoes. However, scientists have determined that these plants are “effective” for a limited time only when the leaves are crushed and applied directly to the skin.

There are several, widespread, unproven theories about mosquito control such as the assertion that vitamin B, in particular B1 (thiamine
Thiamine

'Thiamine', or 'thiamin', sometimes called aneurin, is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex , whose phosphate derivatives are involved in many cellular processes....
), garlic
Garlic

Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, and chive....
, ultrasonic devices, incense
Incense

Incense is composed of aromatic Biotic material materials. It releases fragrant smoke when burned. The term incense refers to the substance itself, rather than to the odor that it produces....
, can be used to repel or control mosquitoes. Moreover, some manufacturers of "mosquito repelling" ultrasonic devices have been found to be fraudulent, and their devices were deemed "useless" in tests by the UK Consumer magazine Which?
Which?

Which? is a product-testing and campaigning Charitable organization with a magazine and website run by Which? Ltd . Based in the United Kingdom, it engages in advocacy campaigns on various consumer protection issues and aims to promote informed consumer choice in the purchase of goods and services, by testing products, highlighting inferi...
 Application of other organic
Organic

Organic may refer to:* Organism, a living entity.* Organ , of or relating to a bodily organ.Life:*LifeMaterials and substances:...
 materials directly to the skin -- aloe vera
Aloe vera

Aloe vera, also known as the Medicinal Aloe, is a species of succulent plant that probably originated in northern Africa. The species does not have any naturally occurring populations, although closely related Aloes do occur in northern Africa....
, lime juice, and peppermint
Peppermint

Peppermint is a Hybrid Mentha, a cross between the watermint and spearmint . The plant, indigenous to Europe, is now widespread in cultivation throughout all regions of the world....
 oil, for example -- is touted as somewhat effective, though the results have not been scientifically evaluated. One explanation is that such materials, with their strong odors, help mask the natural skin
Skin

The skin is the outer covering of the body, also known as the epidermis. It is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial biological tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and organ s....
 and sweat
SWEAT

SWEAT is an OLN/The Sports Network television program hosted by Julie Zwillich that aired in 2003-2004.Each of the 13 half-hour episodes of SWEAT features a different outdoor sport: kayaking, mountain biking, ice hockey, beach volleyball, soccer, windsurfing, Sport rowing, Ultimate , triathlon, wakeboarding, snowboarding, telemark skiin...
 odors that initially attract mosquitos.

See also

  • Mosquito control
    Mosquito control

    Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitoes to reduce their damage to human health, economies, and enjoyment. Mosquito control is a vital public-health practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria....
  • Mosquito net
    Mosquito net

    A mosquito net offers protection against mosquitos, housefly, and other insects, and thus against diseases such as malaria. Its fine, see-through, mesh construction stops many insects from biting and disturbing the person using the net....
  • Pest control
    Pest control

    Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest , usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the Economics....
  • Slug tape


External links