Hemignathini
Encyclopedia
Hemignathini is a tribe
of bird
in the Hawaiian honeycreeper
subfamily
, Drepanidinae. Of the three tribes in Drepanidinae, Hemignathini is the largest. It contains the Creepers, the extinct Akialoas, Amakihi, and extinct Nukupu'us. This group is made up of long-billed insectivores, but several of them may take
nectar from flower
s. The Akialoa and the Nukupu'u that existed on many of the islands had disappeared between the 19th century to late 20th century.
(Sub)Genus Magumma
(Sub)Genus Akialoa
(1940)
Maui Nui ʻAkialoa (Hemignathus lanaiensis or Akialoa lanaiensis) - extinct
(1892)
Oʻahu ʻAkialoa (Hemignathus ellisianus or Akialoa ellisiana) - extinct
(1940)
Kauaʻi ʻAkialoa (Hemignathus stejnegeri or Akialoa stejnegeri) - extinct
(1969)
Hoopoe-billed ‘Akialoa (Hemignathus upupirostris or Akialoa upupirostris) - prehistoric
(Sub)Genus Heterorhynchus
Genus Oreomystis
- short pointed bills, browsers
Genus Paroreomyza
- similar to Oreomystis
(1937)
Kakawahie (Paroreomyza flammea) - extinct
(1963)
Oʻahu ʻAlauahio (Paroreomyza maculata) - possibly extinct
(early 1990s?)
Genus Vangulifer - flat rounded bills, possibly caught flying insects
Genus Aidemedia - straight thin bills, insectivores
Sickle-billed Gaper (Aidemedia zanclops) - prehistoric
Maui Nui Icterid-like Gaper (Aidemedia lutetiae) - prehistoric
Genus Loxops
- small pointed bills with the tips offset a little horizontally, insectivores
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
of bird
Bird
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...
in the Hawaiian honeycreeper
Hawaiian honeycreeper
Hawaiian honeycreepers are small, passerine birds endemic to Hawaii. Some authorities still categorize this group as a family Drepanididae, but in recent years, most authorities consider them a subfamily, Drepanidinae, of Fringillidae, the finch family...
subfamily
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
, Drepanidinae. Of the three tribes in Drepanidinae, Hemignathini is the largest. It contains the Creepers, the extinct Akialoas, Amakihi, and extinct Nukupu'us. This group is made up of long-billed insectivores, but several of them may take
Nectarivore
In zoology, nectarivore is an animal which eats the sugar-rich nectar produced by flowering plants. Most nectarivores are insects or birds, but there are also nectarivorous mammals, notably several species of bats in the Southwestern United States and Mexico, as well as the Australian Honey Possum...
nectar from flower
Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
s. The Akialoa and the Nukupu'u that existed on many of the islands had disappeared between the 19th century to late 20th century.
Genera and Species
- Genus HemignathusHemignathusHemignathus is a Hawaiian honeycreeper genus in the finch family, Fringillidae. These birds are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.Many of its species became extinct during the 19th and 20th centuries due to a combination of habitat destruction, introduced predators, and most importantly...
- pointed or long and downcurved bills, insectivores or nectarivores- Common ʻAmakihi (
- Oʻahu ʻAmakihi (Hemignathus flavus)
- Kauaʻi ʻAmakihi (Hemignathus kauaiensis)
- Greater ʻAmakihi (Hemignathus sagittirostris) - extinctHolocene extinction eventThe Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1901) - Giant ʻAmakihi (Hemignathus vorpalis) - prehistoricLate Quaternary prehistoric birdsPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
- Nukupuʻu (Hemignathus lucidus)
- Maui Nukupuʻu (
Holocene extinction eventThe Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1995–1998) - Oahu Nukupu'u (Hemignathus lucidus lucides extinctHolocene extinction eventThe Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1837) - Kauai Nukupu'u (Hemignathus lucidus hanapepe) extinctHolocene extinction eventThe Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1998)
- [[ʻAnianiau]] (
- Hawaiʻi ʻAkialoa (
Holocene extinction event
The Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1940)
Holocene extinction event
The Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1892)
Holocene extinction event
The Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1940)
Holocene extinction event
The Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1969)
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
- [[ʻAkiapolaʻau]] (
Oreomystis
Oreomystis is a genus of finch in the Fringillidae family.It contains the following species:* 'Akikiki * Hawai'i Creeper...
- short pointed bills, browsers
- [[ʻAkikiki]] (Oreomystis bairdi)
- Hawaiʻi Creeper (Oreomystis mana)
Paroreomyza
Paroreomyza is a genus of finch in the Fringillidae family.It contains the following species:* Kakawahie -extinct 1963* O'ahu 'Alauahio * Maui 'Alauahio...
- similar to Oreomystis
- Maui Nui ʻAlauahio (
- Lanaʻi ʻAlauahio (
Holocene extinction event
The Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1937)
Holocene extinction event
The Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1963)
Holocene extinction event
The Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(early 1990s?)
- Strange-billed Finch (Vangulifer mirandus) - prehistoricLate Quaternary prehistoric birdsPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
- Thin-billed Finch (Vangulifer neophasis) - prehistoricLate Quaternary prehistoric birdsPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
- Oʻahu Icterid-like Gaper (
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
Loxops
Loxops is a Hawaiian honeycreeper genus in the finch family, Fringillidae.It contains the following species:* [[ʻAkekeʻe]] * [[ʻAkepa]]...
- small pointed bills with the tips offset a little horizontally, insectivores
- ‘Akeke‘e‘Akeke‘eThe Akekee is a bird species in the family Fringillidae, where it is placed in the Hawaiian honeycreeper genus Loxops. It is endemic to the island of Kauai where it is found in small numbers in higher elevations...
(Loxops caeruleirostris) - [[ʻAkepa]] (Loxops coccineus)
- Maui ʻAkepa (Loxops coccineus ochraceus) - extinctHolocene extinction eventThe Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1988) - Oʻahu ʻAkepa (Loxops coccineus wolstenholmei) - extinctHolocene extinction eventThe Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch . The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these extinctions are occurring in the...
(1990s)
- Maui ʻAkepa (Loxops coccineus ochraceus) - extinct